托福獨立寫作怎么練
大家知道托福獨立寫作怎么練嗎？下面我教大家?guī)讉€方法。
托福獨立寫作：三招攻克時間不夠用的難題
一、夯實基礎(chǔ)，熟能生巧。
對于備考時間充足的考生來說，扎實的基本功是沖刺托福寫作高分的不二法門。獨立寫作時間不夠用的原因可以歸結(jié)為以下兩類：一是打字速度慢，不適應(yīng)基于計算機輸入的考試形式;二是題目不熟悉，審題、列提綱和安排文章結(jié)構(gòu)等環(huán)節(jié)浪費了大量時間，導(dǎo)致有效輸入正文的時間不夠。
針對這兩類問題，建議考生在日常練習(xí)中不要盲目練習(xí)、只顧低頭寫文章，要有的放矢，適當(dāng)增加一些基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練。
打字速度慢的考生可以下載一些練習(xí)打字的軟件，通過寓教于樂的練習(xí)提升輸入速度、提高輸入的正確率。題目不熟的考生可以仔細(xì)研究近三年托?？荚噷懽鞑糠值恼骖}機經(jīng)，每道題目都列出提綱，矯正邏輯偏差和理解誤差。由于托?？荚噷懽鞑糠值念}目題材重復(fù)度高，熟悉機經(jīng)真題的考生在考試過程中可以在審題、列提綱、安排文章結(jié)構(gòu)、和全文通覽檢查等環(huán)節(jié)中節(jié)省大量時間，把更多的時間留給正文輸入。
二、合并同類，調(diào)整順序。
托福獨立寫作滿分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中明確指出：“文章結(jié)構(gòu)合理，論證展開充分，并具有一致性、統(tǒng)一性?！币虼藶榇_保文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整，考生可以熟練運用一些小技巧，適當(dāng)調(diào)整行文順序。
一篇結(jié)構(gòu)完整的文章包括開頭段、正文段和結(jié)尾段三個部分，其中開頭、結(jié)尾各1段，正文段可以安排3或4段。而開頭、結(jié)尾部分內(nèi)容相同，需要考生表明觀點、簡述理由。大量實踐和考生反饋證明：文章結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，尤其是缺少結(jié)尾部分，是導(dǎo)致低分的一個重要原因。
另一方面，托福iBT考試基于計算機輸入信息，這也就突破了使用傳統(tǒng)紙質(zhì)試卷答題的很多限制。考生可以在計算機答題區(qū)域內(nèi)的任意位置輸入信息，既不影響美觀，也不受傳統(tǒng)紙質(zhì)試卷的空間限制。因此，建議考生可以先輸入開頭段，再輸入結(jié)尾段，最后在中間插入正文段。這樣做有兩個好處：一是保證文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整，即使時間不夠用，也只有最后一個正文段論述不充足，結(jié)尾段卻完整的重述了觀點，不會對得分產(chǎn)生太多影響;二是開頭、結(jié)尾內(nèi)容表述類似，同樣的觀點再說一遍，有利于提升打字速度，節(jié)省思考時間。
三、嚴(yán)控時間，合理分配
俗話說：事預(yù)則立。在此提醒各位考生，在日常練習(xí)中一定要嚴(yán)控時間，務(wù)必在30分鐘內(nèi)完成練習(xí)，如果沒有在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成，一定要認(rèn)真分析原因。切勿放松對時間的要求，用60分鐘或是更長的時間完成一篇文章，只會給自己制造一些假象，看似一切良好，但卻不利于在考場上發(fā)揮水平。
考試時間的限制和充分表達(dá)的要求本來就是一對矛盾，因此各位考生更要合理分配時間，文章敘述做到詳略得當(dāng)。在此，建議各位考生在日常練習(xí)中多列提綱、尋找規(guī)律，對于自己擅長的、能夠充分展開論證的理由，在考場上多花一些時間詳細(xì)敘述，并保證語法正確、用詞貼切。同時明確自身弱點，對于一些經(jīng)常表達(dá)不充分，或是沒話可說的理由，簡略論述，不說空話、套話，絕不浪費寶貴的考試時間。
托福獨立寫作“無話可說”怎么辦
當(dāng)我們開始準(zhǔn)備托福獨立寫作的時候，很多考生會面臨著一個問題，就是“無話可說”，特別是如果遇到一個自己不熟悉的題目，加之時間又緊，頭腦就一片空白了，想到的也只是空泛的東西。在這種情況下，即使是中文也難以寫好，更談何用英語去表達(dá)呢。
對此辦法就是要善于聯(lián)想到一些具體的事實、具體的例證以及具體的現(xiàn)象。那么問題來了，具體的事實、具體的例證以及具體的現(xiàn)象到底有哪些呢?考生們的內(nèi)心是崩潰的，人生過于平淡，閱歷太少，書到用時方恨少，那么考生們該如何來準(zhǔn)備這些具體的例子呢?
我們就拿《北極星》教材為例，來給大家分析一下如何從平常的閱讀中積累托福寫作素材～
寫作真題
2008.8.3/2007.6.9 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In twenty years’ time, people will lead a more leisurely life.
寫作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1:工作壓力比現(xiàn)在更大。
Sub point2:環(huán)境問題更為嚴(yán)重。
Sub point3:任何事物更新?lián)Q代的速度更快，意味著20年之后我們需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，更加努力的去適應(yīng)時代的發(fā)展，不被時代所淘汰，所以不是更休閑了，而是更累了。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第三版北極星4 Unit5 ----Longevity: Too Much of a Good Thing?
相關(guān)文章
A doubled lifespan
If scientists could create a pill that let you live twice as long while remaining free of infirmities, would you take it?
If one considers only the personal benefits that longer life would bring, the answer might seem like a no-brainer : People could spend more quality time with loved ones; watch future generations grow up; learn new languages; master new musical instruments; try different careers or travel the world.
……
The workplace
For most people, living longer will inevitably mean more time spent working. Careers will necessarily become longer, and the retirement age will have to be pushed back, not only so individuals can support themselves, but to avoid overtaxing a nation’s social security system.
…
But such changes would carry their own set of dangers, critics say. Competition for jobs would become fiercer as “mid-life re-trainees” beginning new careers vie with young workers for a limited number of entry-level positions. Especially worrisome is the problem of workplace mobility, Callahan said. “If you have people staying in their jobs for 100 years, that is going to make it really tough for young people to move in and get ahead,” Callahan explained.
講解如何運用
同學(xué)們注意，以上內(nèi)容給了我們非常好的素材(尤其是標(biāo)綠部分)。當(dāng)我們要證明sub point1. 工作壓力比現(xiàn)在更大。你能想到用什么方法來有效的論證呢?Maybe你會說以后大家都是高學(xué)歷者(well-educated)，那么工作的競爭壓力自然會更大。這個理由大部分同學(xué)都能想得到，那么怎么讓你的素材比較novel? 趕緊學(xué)學(xué)以上段落吧!!!
20年后我們會變得更加長壽，這就意味著我們的退休年齡push back了，在這種年輕人不斷進(jìn)入職場，而年長者延遲退休的情況下，是不是競爭壓力要更大了呢?同時篇章中許多expressions是我們都可以學(xué)習(xí)的，eg. mid-life re-trainees人到中年再就業(yè)者;a limited number of entry-level positions有限的招聘崗位;
寫作真題
2015.10.11 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is a waste of money for government to fund space travel and exploration.
寫作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1: 目前地球存在的問題：環(huán)境污染越發(fā)嚴(yán)重，能源日益減少，人口激增等。所以我們有必要去探索宇宙，找到新的居住地，發(fā)現(xiàn)新能源。
Sub point2: Space exploration是非常practical的一項投資，不能說是a waste of money.
Sub point3: 誠然當(dāng)今社會還有很多沒有解決的問題需要政府來處理。這些問題可能比宇宙探索、旅行迫切多了，但是這并不意味著政府做這件事情就是浪費錢。因為如果政府不做就沒有人有這個能力了。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第四版北極星3 Unit3----Exploring the Red Planet
相關(guān)文章
MARS: OUR NEW HOME?
If you think you’d like to live on Mars, you may have that possibility by 2023. A Dutch company called Mars One will soon advertise for people interested in colonizing Mars. If you have all the necessary skills—and there are a lot—you could be one of the first colonists to Mars. Are you ready for the challenge?
…
As a future colonist in one of the six teams, you will go through years of training. If your team is the first team to travel to Mars, your main responsibility when you get there will be to build a place where humans can live. The atmosphere on Mars does not have enough oxygen for humans, and the land is not good enough to grow food. Colonists will have to create an artificial environment on Mars where there is air to breathe and land to farm. Scientists know Earth-like conditions can be simulated on Mars because something similar has already been done in Antarctica, where humans cannot survive outside the created environment.(對火星環(huán)境的具體描述&科學(xué)家們?nèi)绾螌⑵涓脑斓倪m合人類居住。)
Humans may have another problem in space as well. It takes nearly a year to get to Mars, so travelers would be without the Earth’s gravity for a long time. In addition, Mars One astronauts will not return to Earth. Their mission is to start a colony that can support itself. So, the colonists will live the rest of their lives there. When a human lives in an environment without gravity or with low gravity for a long time, the systems in the body weaken. For example, muscles and bones lose strength. The heart also gets weaker. The blood in the body gets thicker, and it becomes more difficult for the heart to push blood through the body. Luckily, spinning the spaceship can create artificial gravity, and artificial gravity can ease these problems.(針對情況：我們的身體可能會遇到挑戰(zhàn)，例如失重。)
It also will be difficult for Mars colonists to be isolated, far from home, living in small spaces, and seeing the same people over and over. It is important to come up with solutions to possible problems before anyone actually goes on a Mars mission. Colonists with depression could put the mission in danger. Fortunately, a few years ago, a joint Russian and European project called the Mars500 Mission took place. It studied people’s reactions to long-term space travel by following six astronauts in a Mars-like environment. The astronauts spent 520 days in this environment and only had contact with their bosses and their families. The six astronauts “returned” to the Earth in good physical condition—and still talking to each other. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great success because they were able to see how the astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses. Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was boredom. The greatest physical problems were not getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight. (針對情況：在太空中我們的心理可能會遇到什么挑戰(zhàn)，會不會出現(xiàn)心理疾病呢…)
講解如何運用
關(guān)于這個話題，同學(xué)們腦海中應(yīng)該會浮現(xiàn)中一幅幅宇宙探索的畫面，例如近期的《火星救援》(The Martian)相信大家在這個話題上比較能達(dá)成共識，那就是政府花錢探索宇宙并非浪費錢的一種行為。
但是如何解釋清楚呢?思路已經(jīng)給大家了?，F(xiàn)在我們回到[Sub point2: Space exploration是非常practical的一項投資，不能說是a waste of money.]
同學(xué)們想一下，當(dāng)我們要證明宇宙探索的實效性、是有前景的，是不是應(yīng)該展現(xiàn)給考官一個畫面：在探索宇宙的過程中政府正在克服一個個unavoidable 困難，政府正在為尋找下一個家園而努力著，所以怎么能叫浪費錢呢?!
想清楚這點之后，不夠哦!接下來怎么寫呢?探索宇宙過程中具體會遇到什么難題呢?又是如何去解決的呢?英文要怎么表述啊?感覺好多專業(yè)術(shù)語不會講，怎么辦? !!!
同學(xué)們，那么請再仔細(xì)看看以上篇章中標(biāo)綠的部分，是不是心中豁然開朗了呢，這篇文章簡直就是為托福寫作量身定做的!
520 days in this environment and only had contact with their bosses and their families. The six astronauts “returned” to the Earth in good physical condition—and still talking to each other. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great success because they were able to see how the astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses. Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was boredom. The greatest physical problems were not getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight. (針對情況：在太空中我們的心理可能會遇到什么挑戰(zhàn)，會不會出現(xiàn)心理疾病呢…)
寫作真題
2015.10.25 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
In the past people were more friendly than they are today.
寫作思路
Main point: Agree
Sub point1: 現(xiàn)在人生活節(jié)奏快，每天都非常忙碌，沒什么時間關(guān)注他人，自然不如以前的人friendly。
Sub point2:當(dāng)今社會詐騙行為很多，加上媒體的曝光，人們的防范心理很強，對陌生人極其警惕;而以前人們對陌生人是比較友善的。
Sub point3:當(dāng)然不能否認(rèn)當(dāng)今社會中依然有很多friendly 的行為舉措，很多人也極其warm-hearted.但是整體來說是以前的人比較friendly。其中有個比較重要的因素是現(xiàn)代人相對selfish,尤其在中國 One-Child Policy的影響下,獨身子女相對會比較自私。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第四版北極星3 Unit2----The Consequences of Fraud
相關(guān)文章
(如下篇章內(nèi)容圍繞思路中的sub point2展開)
同學(xué)們，你們現(xiàn)在看到的就是北極星3 Unit2----The Consequences of Fraud的引入部分。其實在這個版塊我們就可以學(xué)到很多單詞： medical fraud(醫(yī)療詐騙), Internet fraud(網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺詐)，Identity theft(身份盜竊)……這些表達(dá)在你的作文中都可以用到哦～接下來具體看一個篇章~
TYPES OF FRAUD
(注意：本文通篇可用，就不標(biāo)注重點內(nèi)容)
Fraud has been increasing around the world because of computer technology. One example is the Nigerian Bank Fraud. People are contacted by email and asked to help transfer money from Nigeria or other African countries by allowing the money to be placed temporarily in their bank accounts. The real motive is not to transfer money but to obtain personal banking information.(本段結(jié)合具體實例來說明當(dāng)今世界，計算機的廣泛使用、網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及讓Fraud影響更大?？勺鳛閟ub point2的素材。)
Another type of computer fraud is known as “phishing,” or trying to obtain financial information by impersonating a bank employee. When this kind of fraud takes place, you receive email messages from someone pretending to represent your bank. You are then asked to provide your account number or other identifying information. This kind of deception seems so real that many people respond to it and give away their financial and personal information.(本段提到的網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺詐，大家是否很熟悉呢?里邊的表達(dá)phishing, impersonate, deception這些好用的詞匯學(xué)到手了嗎?)
The telephone is also used by con men and women who try to impress people with amazing prizes and offers. Sometimes they will call and ask for your banking information so that they can put prize money into your account. If you do not trust a person contacting you by phone, ask for his or her name, business phone number, and company address. You can then contact the company yourself to learn whether or not you have reason to be suspicious.(電話詐騙有碰到過嗎?在我們的日常生活中是不是很常見?這是不是讓你不再那么相信陌生人了呢?“騙子”這個詞可以用con men and women來表達(dá)，了解嗎?所以本段內(nèi)容也可以作為素材。)
Modern communications technology has made it easier for people to trick you with fake deals and requests for information. When you go online, you find many websites offering products and services such as medical treatment and legal advice. How can you know if something is real? Fortunately, there are many organizations that can help you make sure that companies and individuals are treating you with honesty. If you believe that you are involved in a case of fraud, be sure to report it and ask for help.
講解如何運用
同學(xué)們，相信大家看完全文會發(fā)現(xiàn)基本整個篇章拿過來全是supporting materials.其實對于sub point2欺詐行為這點，同學(xué)們根據(jù)個人的經(jīng)歷以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)、報紙上的新聞都可以想到具體的例子，關(guān)鍵的是不知道怎么表達(dá)，所以上文對于填補大家表達(dá)上空缺是非常有效的。
寫作真題
2015.11.15 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The more money a person has, the more he or she should give away to the charities
寫作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1: Money越多在一定程度上意味著能幫助越多的人，而當(dāng)今社會還有很多人溫飽問題都解決不了，所以應(yīng)該出更多的錢給慈善機構(gòu)?？梢杂肂ill Gates的例子。
Sub point2:對自身也有好處，自己在幫助他人的過程中可以更好的認(rèn)識自己，變得更加快樂，更加自信，更加知道生命的意義。
Sub point3:可以讓這個世界更加美好。許多問題的出現(xiàn)都是因為貧富差距過大導(dǎo)致的，如果富了之后會拿更多的錢出來幫助他人，那么這個世界必將更加美好。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第三版北極星4 -Unit6----Give and Learn
相關(guān)文章
This 1979 Nobel Peace Prize winner spent many years working with the extremely poor in India. Though not a rich person, Mother Teresa was able to personally help thousands of people. disagree with the following statement? The more money a person has, the more he or she should give away to the charities.
This business person is one of the richest people in the world. Bill Gates is also a very generous philanthropist and has created a foundation focusing on education and healthcare.
This movie star is reported to give away 1/3 of his/her income to several charities. Angelina Jolie is also the Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
This wealthy talk show host has created a foundation “to support the education and empowerment of women, children and families”. Oprah Winfrey has also established a school for girls in South Africa.
講解如何運用
本文的展開需要有大量的實例來說明做慈善是必要的，本單元中的Angelina Jolie, Oprah Winfrey, Bill Gates, Mother Teresa都是慈善的好例子。
結(jié)語
托福寫作時“無話可說”乃是因為平時缺乏素材積累，輸入太少吶。對于素材，同學(xué)們要注意以下幾點：一是素材最好是英文表達(dá)，不然考試時，即使心中滿滿的例子寫的時候卻發(fā)現(xiàn)好多意思不知怎樣用英文表達(dá);二是素材在表達(dá)上不宜太難，否則難以理解和記憶。三是好的素材要熟悉到位，同學(xué)們面對好的素材不能只是記在本子上或是存在電腦中，一定要記在腦子里!如何確定已經(jīng)記在腦子里了呢?找個一起考托福的小伙伴，把例子用英文講一遍給他/她聽;或者找張紙，寫一遍。當(dāng)你說完或者寫完，對方聽了或者看了驚嘆你的表達(dá)或者例子好棒時，說明你是真的掌握了這個例子!不然沒有記在腦子里，再好的素材也是枉然~
托福獨立寫作十大經(jīng)典句型
第一、定語從句
這應(yīng)該算是寫作中最常用的一種句型之一。適當(dāng)?shù)剡\用定語從句可以給你的文章增色不少。
例如，下面的這兩個句子用上定語從句馬上就變成了一個漂亮的復(fù)雜句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. source:veduchina
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
第二、狀語從句
在寫作當(dāng)中運用的最多的是以下五種狀語從句，即原因狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，條件狀語從句，時間狀語從句和目的狀語從句。
1. 原因狀語從句：常由because, as, since和for引導(dǎo)
Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.
盡管如此，我還是贊成太空探險，因為它的好處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于壞處。
2. 讓步狀語從句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引導(dǎo)
Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點被廣泛接受，很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點、任何年齡進(jìn)行。
3. 條件狀語從句：常由if, on the condition that和providing that引導(dǎo)
Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. source:veduchina
假如你要取得成就或要實現(xiàn)你的雄心壯志，你必須努力工作、艱苦奮斗、準(zhǔn)備好條件。
4. 時間狀語從句：常由when和while引導(dǎo)
Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說到教育，大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
5. 目的狀語從句: 常由so that和in order that引導(dǎo)
Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上萬的人們不得不花費更多的精力和時間學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識，使得他們在就業(yè)市場能保持優(yōu)勢。
第三、賓語從句
Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.
一些人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)對環(huán)境污染負(fù)主要責(zé)任。
Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it. source:veduchina
許多專家指出這是現(xiàn)代社會發(fā)展必然的結(jié)果，無法避免。
第四、同位語從句
Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.環(huán)境污染變得越來越嚴(yán)重是不可否認(rèn)的事實。
Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
沒有人能否認(rèn)這一基本事實：對于一般工人來講，輕松掌握這些技術(shù)是不可能的。
第五、主語從句
Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.
值得注意的是農(nóng)村和城市的生態(tài)環(huán)境都在不斷惡化。
Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole. source:veduchina
眾所周知，環(huán)境污染問題是中國乃至世界面臨的最為嚴(yán)重的問題之一。
第六、強調(diào)句: It is + 被強調(diào)的內(nèi)容 + that
Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.
汽車和工廠排放大量的廢氣，使得環(huán)境被污染。
第七、倒裝句
Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.
只有政府采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?，這個棘手的問題才能被解決。
第八、被動語態(tài)
Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.
人們應(yīng)竭盡全力來保護我們賴以生存的環(huán)境。
第九、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞
Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries. source:veduchina
旅游業(yè)是一個新興的行業(yè)，它成為經(jīng)濟的主要來源, 在很多東南亞國家起著尤為重要的作用。
Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.
具體來說，政府應(yīng)該出臺相關(guān)法律法規(guī)對制造大量污染物的工廠及故意亂扔垃圾隨地吐痰的人進(jìn)行嚴(yán)懲。
第十、插入語
一種獨立成分,與句子的其它成分一般沒有語法上的關(guān)系，大都是對一句話作一些附加說明或解釋。它通常由一個詞、一個短語或一個句子構(gòu)成，位置較為靈活，可置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗號或破折號與句子隔開。
Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.
電腦，我們生活中必不可少的一部分，給我們帶來了極大的方便。
Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.
大學(xué)生，沒有社會經(jīng)驗，容易上當(dāng)受騙。
結(jié)語：有了這十大句型，寫作還有什么可怕的呢?只要你多多練習(xí)，熟練掌握這些句型并靈活運用到寫作中去，想要在雅思或托福寫作部分得到一個比較滿意的分?jǐn)?shù)將不再是一個遙不可及的夢想。
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