托福閱讀快速提分的方法
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀快速提分的方法，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請(qǐng)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
托福閱讀快速提分的方法
詞匯量
詞匯量是最基本也是最顯而易見(jiàn)的一個(gè)因素。設(shè)想一下，如果一些基本的或是常用的單詞都不認(rèn)識(shí)，談何理解文本，提高閱讀速度呢?
托福閱讀的詞匯要求還是比較高的，因?yàn)樗膯卧~涉及到具體的學(xué)科知識(shí)，如天文、生物等等。這些單詞在高中或是大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中都不太會(huì)接觸到，需要我們額外積累。所以提高托福閱讀速度的第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵就是詞匯的積累。
我們可以利用詞匯書(shū)，或單詞記憶軟件來(lái)記憶托福單詞。也可以整理和記憶已經(jīng)做過(guò)的閱讀文本當(dāng)中的生詞。第二種方法的好處是，我們能夠通過(guò)文本來(lái)判斷哪些單詞是高頻詞，需要我們重點(diǎn)記憶。而且有了具體的語(yǔ)境，在記憶單詞時(shí)也相對(duì)容易一些。
句子結(jié)構(gòu)
第二個(gè)因素是句子結(jié)構(gòu)。托福閱讀當(dāng)中有不少的長(zhǎng)難句，它們的句子成分繁多，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，理解起來(lái)也比較困難。“你認(rèn)識(shí)句子里的每一個(gè)單詞，卻看不懂這個(gè)句子是什么意思”。這是對(duì)理解長(zhǎng)難句的生動(dòng)寫(xiě)照。
很多時(shí)候，我們讀不懂句子，或一個(gè)句子看三四遍才能勉強(qiáng)理解句意，是因?yàn)闆](méi)有理清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。比如TPO44 Seagrases中的一個(gè)句子：
“Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material.”
一些同學(xué)在理解這個(gè)句子的前半部分時(shí)出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題，他們只關(guān)注到“have many of the lighter particles” 所以將句意理解成為“在強(qiáng)水流影響下的海草床會(huì)有很多輕的碎屑物”。但實(shí)際上前半部分完整的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是“have many of the lighter particles…moved out” 意思是“將較輕的碎屑物移出去了”。這與部分同學(xué)的理解完全相反。
因此要提升閱讀速度，我們要能夠迅速而準(zhǔn)確地理清長(zhǎng)難句的結(jié)構(gòu)。首先要判斷一個(gè)句子是簡(jiǎn)單句還是非簡(jiǎn)單句，他的主謂賓是什么，修飾成分有哪些，每一個(gè)修飾成分修飾的是什么東西。這些內(nèi)容是托福閱讀預(yù)備班前幾節(jié)課的重點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然，只是知道這些理論遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，還需要我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中多多練習(xí)，逐步提升自己理解長(zhǎng)難句的能力。
知識(shí)背景
第三個(gè)因素是背景知識(shí)。在講第一點(diǎn)的時(shí)候已經(jīng)提到了，托福閱讀的話(huà)題涉及到具體的學(xué)科知識(shí)。當(dāng)然，這些背景知識(shí)并不會(huì)非常專(zhuān)業(yè)，讓我們理解不了。
由于每個(gè)人的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備不同，在做相同的題目時(shí)也會(huì)有不同的感覺(jué)。比如：對(duì)生物比較感興趣的同學(xué)會(huì)覺(jué)得理解白蟻巢穴的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，而擅長(zhǎng)歷史的文科生很容易就能把握雅典城邦的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。因此，在備考的過(guò)程中，我們要注意積累自己不太熟悉的背景知識(shí)，至少要了解TPO當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的一些背景知識(shí)，這樣才能在做題時(shí)較快地把握文章內(nèi)容，提升閱讀的速度。
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)之民族文學(xué)類(lèi)
民族文學(xué)的誕生
獨(dú)立革命是美國(guó)民族文學(xué)誕生的背景。早在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)之前，美國(guó)殖民地人民在歐洲啟蒙主義學(xué)說(shuō)影響之下，已經(jīng)具有民族獨(dú)立的意識(shí)。富蘭克林世俗的格言比愛(ài)德華茲清教，主義的教誨更能吸引廣大群眾。富蘭克林用清晰、幽默的文體傳播了科學(xué)文化，激發(fā)自力更生的精神，他的愛(ài)國(guó)熱情和關(guān)于自學(xué)、創(chuàng)業(yè)的言論，對(duì)于美國(guó)人民的人生觀、事業(yè)觀和道德觀產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。獨(dú)立革命期間充滿(mǎn)反抗與妥協(xié)之間的尖銳斗爭(zhēng)，迫使作家們采取政論、演講、散文等簡(jiǎn)便而又犀利的形式投入戰(zhàn)斗。發(fā)表“不自由毋寧死”這一名言的演說(shuō)家舶特里克·亨利，象戰(zhàn)鼓那樣鼓動(dòng)戰(zhàn)士奮勇殺敵的托馬斯·潘恩，行文樸質(zhì)無(wú)華卻字字擊中要害的托馬斯·杰斐遜，都是無(wú)畏的戰(zhàn)士，他們?yōu)榱藨?zhàn)斗的需要錘煉自己的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。那個(gè)時(shí)期的詩(shī)歌也具有強(qiáng)烈的政治性，大量的革命歌謠出自民間。菲利普·弗瑞諾是當(dāng)時(shí)著名的革命詩(shī)人，他的創(chuàng)作開(kāi)創(chuàng)了美國(guó)詩(shī)歌的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)。
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：近半數(shù)英國(guó)女性后悔念大學(xué)
Vicky Tuck： 'I believe women should only go to university if they have a genuine interest in learning'.
Young women are losing faith in the university system with nearly half believing it is not worth getting a degree.
Tuition fees and little chance of landinga good job make higher education an unattractive prospect for them， a study suggests.
It found that nearly half of female graduates would not go to university if they had the chance again.
The research will cause concern because it was carried out before the Government announced that fees will almost treble to ā9，000 in 2012.
The findings have prompted warnings that a generation of ambitious young women will miss out on a high-flyingcareer and the opportunity to continue their education.
Louise Court， editor of Cosmopolitan magazine， which conducted the survey， said young women seem to think university ‘a(chǎn) waste of time’.
‘It’s never been harder to be a young woman with ambition，’ she said. ‘Understandably， women are angry and frustrated about their future and this is having a damaging affect on their self-esteem.
The survey of 1，353 women also looked at the career prospects and financial outlook for women in 2011.
Two thirds of those questioned said they thought it would be ‘a(chǎn)lmost impossible’ to get their dream job and a quarter were unable to follow their preferred career.
Only 14 per cent said they felt safe from the sack.
And the financial situation for graduates was especially bad， with half saying they had so much student debt they could not save.
The same proportion believed they faced worse financial hardship than their parents.
One in seven women said they had been forced to postpone getting married because a wedding would be too expensive.
And more than one in six admitted that financial constraints had made them postpone trying to start a family.
Vicky Tuck， a campaigner for women’s education and former head of Cheltenham Ladies College， said： ‘The rise in fees is going to make a lot of people reflect on why they are going to university.
‘Before the introduction of fees it was not an automatic assumption that a degree would lead to a good job. It is only recently that we have seen that relationship.
‘I believe that women should only go to university if they have a genuine interest in learning， a precious opportunity. If they go purely to get a job， many will be disappointed.’
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：愛(ài)逛街的男人更長(zhǎng)壽
It may come as old news to many women， but it seems a bit of retail therapy really is good for you.
A day at the shops can help you live longer， says a study.
And surprisingly， the benefits are actually greater for men.
The study even suggests the long-term survival benefits of shopping are better than going to the gym.
Seeing friends and just people-watching can stave off loneliness and improve psychological health， suggests research published online in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
It looked at almost 1，850 people aged 65 and over living independently at home in Taiwan， who were asked how often they went shopping.
The researchers then tracked how long each of the participants lived by linking individuals to national death registration data between 1999 and 2008.
They found those who shopped daily lived longer than those who shopped less frequently， even after taking account of people’s physical or other health problems.
Going to the shops every day cut the chances of a participant dying during the period of the study by more than a quarter compared with those who don’t shop regularly.
Older men who frequently popped out to the shops had the best survival record， with a reduction of 28 per cent in their chances of dying， while older women saw slightly less benefit with a 23 per cent cut in dying.
Researchers led by Dr Yu-Hung Chang at the National Health Research Institutes， in Zhunan， Taiwan， accept that those who shopped regularly may have been in better health to begin with.
They said： 'An elder who shops less for food would be at risk of poorer diet quality necessary to maintain health. A vicious cycle that involves limited shopping and poor diet could evolve for elders.'
But the study added： ‘In shopping venues， socialising with， or watching others can provide social and mental benefits.
‘Compared with other types of leisure-time physical activity， like formal exercise， which usually requires motivation and sometimes professional instruction， shopping is easier to undertake and maintain.’
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