托福閱讀加試分為經(jīng)典加試和非經(jīng)典加試，一般情況下考生遇到的情況都是經(jīng)典加試，即所加試的題目都是固定的幾篇。這里小編為就為大家整理了托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization 試題及答案　享給大家，希望對大家托福備考有幫助。

托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試 Title: Sumerian Civilization 試題及答案

閱讀經(jīng)典加試 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization

概述：

第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時(shí)，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕]有統(tǒng)一。(有題)平原，經(jīng)常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不統(tǒng)一。開頭，it is astonishing that...兩個(gè)地方在同一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生了兩種文化，并且互有交流。一個(gè)是尼羅河的埃及文化，一個(gè)是兩河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河，河水孕育了富饒的土地，兩岸有沙漠作為自然屏障。M地不一樣，河水土地narrow and shallow,周圍沒有起保護(hù)作用的天然屏障

第二段：直到一種S人來統(tǒng)一，說了他們的來源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化

第三段：S文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對S的了解主要基于文字。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。 我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過這些推知?dú)v史。后來又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過來的民族。

第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個(gè)城市有一個(gè)local god, god無比神圣擁有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中議事。(有題)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。

Mesopotamia culture一種civilization(文明社會(huì))還和埃及比較了一下。關(guān)于兩河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社會(huì))的。他們同時(shí)存在，有交流，但沒有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣，一個(gè)united under 一個(gè)聯(lián)合體制下，另外一個(gè)則由于地理?xiàng)l件的制約不存在united format聯(lián)合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有tangible substance (確實(shí)的物質(zhì))留下來，因?yàn)樗麄兊腶rchitecture structure(建筑結(jié)構(gòu))與Egypt不一樣，對他們文字的研究也是通過發(fā)掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。還講了兩河的local lord(封建地主),這人不是fiction的，他對他那個(gè)city state具有很大的influence，文中講到的是economic aspect(經(jīng)濟(jì)方面)同時(shí)，他傳話通過一個(gè)叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia的culture，和Egypt的文化對比。因?yàn)閮烧呤莾珊恿饔虻耐瑫r(shí)發(fā)展起來的文化(考：Mesopotamia文化是獨(dú)立于independence Egypt的文化)然后講述Mesopotamia culture的特點(diǎn)：建筑物沒有Egypt的牢固，文化沒有文字記載等。

答案(下方黑體標(biāo)出)

1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.

(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egyptwas being united.

(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

3.The phrase its substance refers to

(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia 古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史

(B) divine kingship

(C) Egypt

(D) the sudden collapse of military power

4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important

5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to

(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society. 為相對少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會(huì)物理遺跡提供一個(gè)解釋

(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.

(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in

(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia

(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates 底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的交匯處

7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small

8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言

Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊

10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構(gòu)”這一論點(diǎn)支持的證據(jù)是

(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.

(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.

(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.

(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)

11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.

12.In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項(xiàng)不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?shí)

(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.

(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.

(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.

(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r(shí)候同競爭的城邦的神作戰(zhàn)

13. fill in a table

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

(1)政治統(tǒng)一了很久時(shí)間 (2)有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址

Sumerian Civilization

(1)城邦city-state國家是一個(gè)特色(2)從文件中所記載(3)這一個(gè)文明受到外部侵略

托福閱讀中的四種句子關(guān)系

很多考生在準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚨臅r(shí)候，總會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)部分托?？荚囍械木渥舆h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了自己的能力范圍。對于這些長難句，當(dāng)然要從語法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考試中遇到不能理解的句子時(shí)，考生就偏向于一遍一遍的去讀句子，沒讀懂不說，還浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間，影響了下面的答題。

其實(shí)長難句在考試中最直接的運(yùn)用就是考察插入句子題和解釋句子題。對于這樣的題目，我們在不能讀懂句子的情況下，能夠把握的就是句子的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，即邏輯。邏輯在解釋句子題中的運(yùn)用尤為重要，以前有學(xué)生反映，在考試中其實(shí)句子根本就不能讀懂，而利用邏輯就能迅速排除選項(xiàng)，從而找到正確的答案。所以說，邏輯是我們托福閱讀中的隱形解題幫手，考生們一定要尤為關(guān)注。

下面是托福閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的四大邏輯關(guān)系，把握了它們就等于掌握了托福閱讀解題技巧的一個(gè)重要部分。

1. 因果關(guān)系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達(dá)詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個(gè)重要部分。

隱性因果：

A 導(dǎo)致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。

在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to, 表示了導(dǎo)致的意思，即結(jié)果; 而so that 更進(jìn)一步表示了后面的結(jié)果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。

B 由…而來(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。”

在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系，那如果是解釋句子題時(shí)，選項(xiàng)中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。

C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因)： reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考慮到： given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。

E 依賴于： rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems。

F 條件關(guān)系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。

G 分詞短語，不定式做狀語

Failing in the final exam, she cried。

2. 對比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

A 對比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解釋句子題，插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對比關(guān)系，學(xué)生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就能非?？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While, whereas 前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。

B 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

轉(zhuǎn)折是托福閱讀的一個(gè)經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)之一，掌握這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞對考試非常有幫助。

3. 比較關(guān)系

A 同級(jí)比較 as…as

B 比較級(jí)：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 變化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差異：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高級(jí)

1)本身有最高級(jí)含義：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比較深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比較=最高級(jí)

No one is more outstanding than him。

從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級(jí)關(guān)系。

4. 否定關(guān)系

顯性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

隱形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前綴：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)排除。

雙重否定;not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的表達(dá)方式，由于在平時(shí)中文對話中用的很少，隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

托福閱讀備考的三大關(guān)鍵

第一，詞匯

從某種意義上來講，詞匯量的大小是TOEFL閱讀理解高分的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵。如果詞匯量沒有達(dá)到基本要求(五千以上)，縱然你有"葵花寶典"在手，也只能命喪ETS的“毒招”之下。所以，以犧牲詞匯量為代價(jià)的技巧練習(xí)簡直是一味巨毒無比的“五毒散”。

第二，通過練習(xí)使學(xué)生養(yǎng)成高效的閱讀方法--即所謂的閱讀技巧

TOEFL的閱讀量非常大，一般的中國考生根本無法把文章全部讀完，所謂的“掃讀法”、“跳讀法”和“略讀法”也只能適用于少數(shù)類型的文章，根本不能解決本質(zhì)問題。那么，文章到底應(yīng)該怎么讀法呢?一句話，主動(dòng)地閱讀文章的關(guān)鍵部位。所謂主動(dòng)是指不能象一般的閱讀那樣完全被動(dòng)地接受信息，而應(yīng)該不斷的進(jìn)行思考和預(yù)測;所謂關(guān)鍵部位，主要是每一段的開頭和結(jié)尾部分。由于TOEFL的閱讀理解文章全部選自于正式出版物，文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)非常完整和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，而且出現(xiàn)的邏輯模式也是屈指可數(shù)。經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練，考生的預(yù)測可以做到非常準(zhǔn)確的程度。這樣，通過閱讀文章的幾處關(guān)鍵部位，就能很快地把握整個(gè)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，也就解決了問題的70%。

第三，解題訓(xùn)練

排除法恐怕是一直以來大多數(shù)學(xué)生在解閱讀理題目時(shí)使用最多的方法。事實(shí)上，這種方法具有致命的缺點(diǎn)：干擾大、費(fèi)時(shí)間。更有效和迅速的辦法是讀完題干之后，就在腦子反映出一個(gè)模糊的或者是不完整的答案，然后直接在選項(xiàng)中尋找接近的答案進(jìn)行判斷。這種能力必須在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練和講解中逐漸養(yǎng)成和加強(qiáng)，決非什么技巧之類的東西可以替代。

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