托福閱讀推理題解析
推理題在托福閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)，為了幫助大家備考，提高托福閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x推理題解析，望喜歡!
托福閱讀推理題解析
推理題的標(biāo)志是在題干中出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞匯，它和細(xì)節(jié)題屬于同源題目，都需要定位并且根據(jù)文中信息來選擇答案。與細(xì)節(jié)題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點(diǎn)之后考察的是學(xué)生對于文中信息的總結(jié)概括，或者反向推理的能力。
推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。
推理題大概有三個(gè)解題思路：一般對比推理、時(shí)間對比推理、集合概念推理。一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對比特征，問其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。時(shí)間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。
在這里我們先來看一個(gè)例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們：19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命，這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息：19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒有這次變革之前，也就是在19世紀(jì)以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因?yàn)樽髡咴谡務(wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革，所以這里所說的“l(fā)ighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明，其實(shí)也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來的照明，這一推論出的信息正好與選項(xiàng)C吻合。文章第一句同時(shí)也是一個(gè)時(shí)間的分水嶺，告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的?！霸?9世紀(jì)早期到中期，蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來提煉 tallow，提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是 stearin，stearin 比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅(jiān)硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的?！痹谶@里的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項(xiàng)b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usualsmoke(經(jīng)常有煙)，這與選項(xiàng)a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來處理fallow的材料，在19世紀(jì)以前是沒有使用的，這與選項(xiàng)d相反。
解答這里題目時(shí)要注意這些關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)：日期和數(shù)字、關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我們在來看一道例題：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我們來對題目的出題范圍進(jìn)行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters 不一樣的是，whales 的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什么樣子。而sea ottter 是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項(xiàng)，即不難看出第一頭sea otter 長什么樣子。所以實(shí)際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學(xué)們在做題的時(shí)候推的過遠(yuǎn)，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。
提高托福閱讀答對率有技巧
一、新托福閱讀的新題型重點(diǎn)考察句子間的關(guān)系
在托福閱讀中有那么一個(gè)段落，其中有4 個(gè)框框，他代表你在題干中的那句話可以拖入這個(gè)里面來，做題的方法是：第一步一定要優(yōu)先閱讀題干中要被拖入到原文的那句話。第二步找要被代入原文那句話當(dāng)中的關(guān)鍵字和要點(diǎn)。因?yàn)槲覀冎?，如果要把一句話代入到原文?dāng)中，這句話肯定和原文有很強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
然后我們找的是要被代入原文那句話中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，這有很多，比方說一旦看到"因?yàn)?quot;，前面講的就可能是原因，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)結(jié)果后面有一個(gè)情況;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示結(jié)果，那么正確選項(xiàng)在第一個(gè)空和第二個(gè)空的可能性不是很大，在第三個(gè)空和第四個(gè)空的可能性比較大，因?yàn)樗硎窘Y(jié)果，基本都在比較靠后的位置;比如我們看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以說這些關(guān)鍵詞特別重要，從一定意義上來講是我們做這種題型成敗的關(guān)鍵。
我們要找邏輯關(guān)系，你要代入這句話的話，跟前面或者后面的話肯定有一種邏輯關(guān)系在里面，到底前后是轉(zhuǎn)折還是遞進(jìn)還是表示結(jié)果還是什么樣的關(guān)系，這是我們的情況。一般來說，多數(shù)中國同學(xué)做這個(gè)題還是比較容易的，我建議大家在備考的時(shí)候大量練習(xí)此類題目的做法。
二、多選題的關(guān)鍵在于題干
iBT的聽力和閱讀的多選題應(yīng)該如何把握?這也確實(shí)是中國同學(xué)比較容易錯(cuò)的一個(gè)地方，新托福iBT中的多選題是這樣的，即一部分題型，每道題當(dāng)中都有幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確選項(xiàng)，也就是我們說的多選題。比如說，閱讀題最后一道題一般都是多選題，多選題分兩類，一類叫圖表題，給你一個(gè)圖表，讓你6選3或者 8選4。第二類叫文章內(nèi)容小節(jié)題，文章內(nèi)容概述題，什么意思呢?先給你一句話，這句話就是這篇文章的中心思想，請問下面哪幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中反映了這篇文章的中心思想。
這樣的話，這個(gè)題目是我們的第二個(gè)問法，這是閱讀中我們最常見的兩種多選題，這種題同學(xué)們不要有畏懼心理，因?yàn)檫@類題目分值也比較高，一般是2 分或3分。我們即使答錯(cuò)一個(gè)空，3分題還會(huì)拿到兩分，不會(huì)給你扣掉所有的分。
第二，這個(gè)問題是基于你之前問題的答案的基礎(chǔ)上，當(dāng)你把之前其他的問題都答完了，你整個(gè)的這篇文章讀的也很好了，再做這個(gè)題的話，基本上問題不大了。只要?jiǎng)e錯(cuò)太多，這種題多少都會(huì)有分的。第三，這類題目的數(shù)量比較少。所以我們做這個(gè)題要特別的細(xì)心，做這個(gè)題的關(guān)鍵在于對這道題題干中的那句話的理解，因?yàn)檫@句話就是文章的概述，基本上下面的答案都是符合這句話的，或和這句話有關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)的，跟這句話扯得太遠(yuǎn)的一般就是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，所以要求我們特別細(xì)心，越細(xì)心越好。
托福閱讀真題1
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.
Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity. ?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves
(B) Various marine conservation programs
(C) International agreements on coastal protection
(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments
2. The word intent in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) repetition
(B) approval
(C) goal
(D) revision
3. The word administered in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) managed
(B) recognized
(C) opposed
(D) justified
4. The word these in line 11 refers to
(A) sites
(B) candidates
(C) decades
(D) sanctuaries
5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an
example of a sanctuary that
(A) is not well know
(B) covers a large area
(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary
(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status
6. According to the passage , when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?
(A) before 1972
(B) after 1987
(C) one hundred years before national parks were established
(D) one hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established
7. According to the passage , all of the following are achievements of the National Marine
Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT
(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms
(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species
(C) the protection of coastal habitats
(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life
8. The word periphery in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) depth
(B) landmass
(C) warm habitat
(D) outer edge
9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United
States?
(A) limitations in financial support
(B) the use of marine species as food
(C) variability of the climate
(D) increases in tourism
PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADD
托福閱讀真題2
In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber — all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.
1. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories
(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who
(A) maintained their businesses at home
(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
(C) produced unusual goods and commodities
(D) would employ only family members
3. The phrase hinged on in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) recovered from
(B) depended on
(C) started on
(D) contributed to
4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that
occurred in the United States before 1914?
(A) The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force
5. The word lured in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracted
(B) assigned
(C) restricted
(D) attached
6. The word Others in line 20 refers to other
(A) adults
(B) promises
(C) goods and services
(D) social opportunities
7. The word expendable in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) nonproductive
(B) unacceptable
(C) nonessential
(D) unprofitable
8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that
industrialization
(A) increased the price of farm products
(B) limited the need for new farm machinery
(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work
9. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming
capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (lines 23-24)?
(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
10. According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers
(A) were required to be more creative
(B) worked extensively with raw materials
(C) changed jobs frequently
(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only
PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD
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托福閱讀推理題解析
