托福閱讀文章是怎么構(gòu)成的
為了幫助考生對(duì)托福閱讀考試內(nèi)容更加熟悉，在考試中能有更加理想的發(fā)揮，下面小編為大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀文章是怎么構(gòu)成的一文，更多精彩盡請(qǐng)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦 !
托福閱讀文章是怎么構(gòu)成的?
1.學(xué)術(shù)性文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：
在學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分：
(1)Topic 話題：即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史事件;在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置。考生可以根據(jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解。
(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個(gè)歷史事件，則方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期。在托福閱讀文章中，往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體。
(3)Attitude態(tài)度：即文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度。或是積極肯定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。在托福閱讀文章中，態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic話題 +Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，我們通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致討論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)
學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分：
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表達(dá)段落的主旨，即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么。
(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié)：為了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明段落中心含義，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容，即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié)，這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，我們通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。
為什么你的托福閱讀錯(cuò)題率高?
這其實(shí)和大家在做題中已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成的「錯(cuò)誤思路」有分不開(kāi)的關(guān)系，下面小編就來(lái)盤(pán)點(diǎn)一些同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲩喿x題時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤解題思路。
No.1
忽略文章標(biāo)題
大部分同學(xué)都會(huì)有這樣的做法，跳過(guò)標(biāo)題直接看文章。實(shí)際上，標(biāo)題不僅僅是一篇文章的主題所在，更可以利用它來(lái)預(yù)判文章的內(nèi)容，甚至是結(jié)構(gòu)，這一點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。
大家在做題的時(shí)候不妨可以研究整理一下「標(biāo)題和對(duì)應(yīng)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律」，這將對(duì)大家理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)和答題內(nèi)容有很大的幫助。
No.2
選擇題就是要用排除法
這是一個(gè)很常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤做法，有很多同學(xué)做題為了節(jié)省時(shí)間，不立足于原文，看完題干馬上閱讀選項(xiàng)，憑感覺(jué)和簡(jiǎn)單的記憶來(lái)排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。其實(shí)這不僅不能節(jié)省時(shí)間，反而會(huì)增加時(shí)間。
如果你做每一個(gè)題都把選項(xiàng)逐個(gè)閱讀一遍，那么你是增加了閱讀量的，并且有一些選項(xiàng)比較長(zhǎng)的題目，往往會(huì)讓大家越讀越費(fèi)解，最后選擇錯(cuò)誤。 我們?cè)诰毩?xí)之初就要養(yǎng)成正確的做題習(xí)慣，立足原文，在原文中找到關(guān)鍵信息，閱讀答案的時(shí)候只搜索重點(diǎn)。只有把選擇題當(dāng)做簡(jiǎn)答題做，即從原文中找到題干對(duì)應(yīng)答案，再進(jìn)行選擇才是能確保百發(fā)百中，而且往往閱讀高手還可以節(jié)約掉不必要的閱讀選項(xiàng)的時(shí)間。
當(dāng)然在大家熟練運(yùn)用了之后是可以不用二次閱讀原文做到定位到正確選項(xiàng)的，前提是因?yàn)樵牡男畔⒁呀?jīng)在你腦子里了，不用再看一遍就能回憶出，這個(gè)并不屬于脫離原文。
No.3
提高詞匯題正確率只有背單詞就行
同學(xué)，你out了。
要知道在托福的詞匯考核中，基本詞匯量、構(gòu)詞法分析還有上下文推斷是三個(gè)考點(diǎn)。意味著增加詞匯量，只能對(duì)基本詞匯量和部分構(gòu)詞法詞匯起到幫助，對(duì)上下文推斷收效甚微。這就是為什么經(jīng)常有的學(xué)生考試詞匯量大概在10,000左右，但是托福閱讀仍舊還在24-26分徘徊的原因。
所以，詞匯理解必須基于句子結(jié)構(gòu)搭配，以及上下文分析。當(dāng)然，這種提升是針對(duì)要沖擊28-30滿(mǎn)分的學(xué)生的要求。
托福閱讀真題1
Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude, and aspect, or attitude to the Sun. Florida's ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover. It does, however, sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot live where there is moisture or plant matter the soil. Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual rainfall, is blistering desert. The only plant life it can sustain is the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its altitude is a mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major changes in its plant communities. Its aspect is flat direct, brutal — and subtropical.
Florida's surrounding lushness cannot impinge on its desert scrubbiness. This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either: shrubby little oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. It appears, Said one early naturalist, to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has passed and is passing. By our narrow standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?
The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain of paleoislands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less than ten miles wide. It is relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels were higher and the rest of the peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its ecosystems essentially undisturbed since the Miocene era. As a result, it has gathered to itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only about 75 plant species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How geographers define a place
(B) The characteristics of Florida's ancient scrub
(C) An early naturalist's opinion of Florida
(D) The history of the Lake Wales Ridge
2. The author mentions all of the following factors that define a place EXCEPT
(A) aspect
(B) altitude
(C) soil
(D) life-forms
3. It can be inferred from the passage that soil composed of silica
(A) does not hold moisture
(B) is found only in Florida
(C) nourishes many kinds of ground cover
(D) provides food for many kinds of lizards
4. The word sustain in line 6 is closets in meaning to
(A) select
(B) strain
(C) support
(D) store
5. The author mentions the prickly pear (line 12) as an example of
(A) valuable fruit-bearing plants of the scrub area
托福閱讀真題2
In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low temperatures, and stone ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high temperatures, were produced from two different native clays. These kinds of pottery were produced to supplement imported European pottery. When the American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods. Stoneware, which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century, and in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, three-dimensional molded relief decoration became popular. Representational motifs largely replaced the earlier abstract decorations. Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other subjects — lions, flags, and clipper ships — are found. Some figurines, mainly of dogs and lions, were made in this medium. Sometimes a name, usually that of the potter, was die-stamped onto a piece.
As more and more large kilns were built to create the high-fired stoneware, experiments revealed that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware could produce a stronger, paler pottery if fired at a hotter temperature. The result was yellow ware, used largely for serviceable items; but a further development was Rockingham ware — one of the most important American ceramics of the nineteenth century. (The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze to the fired clay, usually giving the finished product a mottled appearance. Various methods of spattering or sponging the glaze onto the ware account for the extremely wide variations in color and add to the interest of collecting Rockingham. An advanced form of Rockingham was flint enamel, created by dusting metallic powders onto the Rockingham glaze to produce brilliant varicolored streaks. Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in Rockingham ware: dishes and bowls, of course; also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp bases, doorknobs, molds, picture frames, even curtain tiebacks. All these items are highly collectible today and are eagerly sought. A few Rockingham specialties command particular affection among collectors and correspondingly high prices.
1. Why did the potters discussed in the passage change the kind of pottery they made?
A) They discovered a new kind of clay.
B) They were compensation for the loss of an overseas supplier.
C) They studied new techniques in Europe.
D) The pottery they had been producing was not very strong.
2. The word ornate in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(B) unattractive plant life of the scrub area
(C) a pant discovered by an early naturalist
(D) plant life that is extremely rare
6. The author suggests that human standards of beauty are
(A) tolerant
(B) idealistic
(C) defensible
(D) limited
7. The word insignificant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) unimportant
(B) undisturbed
(C) immature
(D) inappropriate
8. According to the passage , why is the Lake Wales Ridge valuable?
(A) It was originally submerged in the ocean.
(B) It is less than ten miles wide.
(C) It is located near the seashore.
(D) It has ecosystems that have long remained unchanged
9. The word it in line 21 refer to
(A) Florida
(B) the peninsula
(C) the Lake Wales Ridge
(D) the Miocene era
10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) ancient scrub found in other areas of the country
(B) geographers who study Florida's scrub
(C) the climate of the Lake Wales Ridge
(D) the unique plants found on the Lake Wales Ridge
PASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD
A) elaborate
B) puzzling
C) durable
D) common
3. The passage suggests that the earliest stoneware
A) was decorated with simple, abstract designs
B) used three-dimensional decorations
C) was valued for its fancy decorations
D) had no decoration
4. How did yellow ware achieve its distinctive color?
A) by sponging on a glaze
B) by dusting on metallic powders
C) by brown-glazing
D) by firing at a high temperature
5. The phrase derived from in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A) ruined by
B) warned against
C) based on
D) sold by
6. The word It in line 20 refers to
A) red ware
B) yellow ware
C) Rockingham ware
D) English brown-glazed earthenware
7. The word Various in line 21 is closest in meaning to
A) complicated
B) accepted
C) careful
D) different
8. The phrase account for in line 22 is closest in meaning to
A) explain
B) restrict
C) finance
D) supplement
9. What was special about flint enamel?
A) its even metallic shine
B) its mottled appearance
C) its spattered effect
D) its varicolored streaks
10. Which of the following kinds of Rockingham ware were probably produced in the greatest
quantity?
A) picture frames
B) dishes and bowls
C) curtain tiebacks
D) doorknobs
11. The passage would most probably continue with a discussion of
A) what bedpans, foot warmers, and cuspidors were used for
B) well-known, modern-day potters who make Rockingham ware
C) examples of Rockingham ware that collectors especially want
D) pieces of Rockingham ware that are inexpensive in today's market
PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C
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