老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE12
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老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 12
Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.
The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte's gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.
On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.
1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Its defensive behavior
(B) It interactions with other gull species
(C) Its nesting habits
(D) Its physical difference from other gull species
2. The word "rear" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) visit
(B) watch
(C) reverse
(D) raise
3. The word "scale" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) climb
(B) avoid
(C) approach
(D) measure
4. The word "immunity" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) distance
(B) transition
(C) protection
(D) reminder
5. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?
(A) The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.
(B) The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.
(C) The kittiwakes' eggs are too big for the ravens to carry.
(D) The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.
6. The author mentions that eggshells litter around the nests of kittiwakes in order to
(A) demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predators
(B) prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspring
(C) show a similarity to other types of gulls
(D) illustrate kittiwakes' lack of concern for their chicks
7. According to the passage , it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their nest?
(A) Bonaparte's gulls
(B) Atlantic puffins
(C) Kittiwake gulls
(D) Northern gannets
8. The word "it" in line 17 refers to
(A) location
(B) edge
(C) nest
(D) practice
9. The word "conspicuous" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) disordered
(B) suspicious
(C) noticeable
(D) appealing
10. The phrase "On the other hand" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) therefore
(B) however
(C) for example
(D) by no means
正確答案： CDACB AACCB
如何提高托福閱讀理解能力?
一、學(xué)會(huì)概括主旨大意
任何一篇文章都有一個(gè)主題思想。能否抓住一篇文章的主題思想，是考生閱讀能力的綜合體現(xiàn)。主題思想是文章最重要的內(nèi)容，也是文章的核心。只有抓住了文章的主題思想，才有助于對(duì)文章的理解。從文章的構(gòu)成來看，一篇文章的主題思想通常是通過段落中某一個(gè)句子概括出來的，也可能以暗示的方式表達(dá)出來，這個(gè)句子就是主題句。在找主題句時(shí)，需多注意文章或段落的首尾部分。一般來說，文章的主題句通常在文章的第一段首句，第一段末句或者全文的末句。 二、掌握細(xì)節(jié)題答題策略
在閱讀中，作者往往要通過許多具體的細(xì)節(jié)來解釋或說明文章的主題思想，這些解釋或說明文章主題思想的句子通常被稱作“支撐句”。在回答細(xì)節(jié)類問題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)帶著問題去尋找相關(guān)的信息。在選擇答案之前首先要看清題目的要求，找出關(guān)鍵詞，然后根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞迅速在文章中尋找相關(guān)信息，最后根據(jù)這些信息做出正確的選擇。
二、掌握推理解題技巧
在閱讀中，推理是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技能。推理題與細(xì)節(jié)題的區(qū)別在于，作者沒有將問題或者觀點(diǎn)直接、正面地陳述出來，而是隱含在字里行間?？忌枰高^表面文字推斷出隱含的意思。這類題的干擾選項(xiàng)有：1)只是原文的簡單重述，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論;2)看似從原文中推斷出來的結(jié)論，但實(shí)際上與原文不符;3)根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的，但不能從原文推斷出來;4)純屬主觀臆斷。解答這類題時(shí)，考生需要根據(jù)文章所給的事實(shí)進(jìn)行分析和判斷，超越字面的含義，弄清作者的隱含思想。
托福閱讀植物學(xué)題材整理
82/11 海藻
83/1 地衣 S1/P123
86/1 植物演化
86/5 藤蔓植物，
86/10 地衣 S1/P7
88/1 樹的防御機(jī)理 S1/P17
88/5 植物形成層和樹皮結(jié)構(gòu) S1/P99
S/P69 植物的根
90/8 浮游生物 P32
91/8 植物學(xué) P54 普樣題1
92/8 樹的重要性 P71
P89/ 植物擬態(tài)的性質(zhì)和作用
P138/ 沙漠植物的生存
95/10 植物內(nèi)部運(yùn)水的機(jī)理
96/1 植物的防御機(jī)理 北美題
96/5 蘭花
96/10 一種野草和牛的傳說
98/5 赤揚(yáng)和森林環(huán)境的關(guān)系
99/8 菌類和植物的區(qū)別及破壞性和用途
托福閱讀如何進(jìn)行精讀訓(xùn)練?
1、首先要從單詞入手：擴(kuò)大自己的詞匯量，不僅要知道它的漢語解釋，還要掌握它的英語定義及用法，尤其是單詞在文章中的用法，它有無巧妙之處，是否有特定的意義。
2、其次要從"語法"入手：這里所說的"語法"不僅指句子的主、謂、賓成份及句子主干，更重要的是指對(duì)各種語法現(xiàn)象在思想表達(dá)方面的作用及相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。當(dāng)然，在開始階段需對(duì)某些語法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子進(jìn)行分析。
3、再次，是從句型入手：精讀時(shí)，一定要學(xué)習(xí)各種好的句型，并模仿造句。同時(shí)，對(duì)于一些長句要進(jìn)行分析。
4、最后，要從文章"邏輯"入手：理清作者思想發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。提煉各個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容，清楚各個(gè)段落如何組成了文章有機(jī)整體，理解作者運(yùn)用的事例與他所闡述問題觀點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系，明確他是以什么樣的方式(講故事，列舉數(shù)據(jù)，引經(jīng)據(jù)典)來表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)的。
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老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE12
