托福閱讀輔導(dǎo):老托福閱讀真題及答案passage13
為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，練習(xí)更多閱讀題目。提高閱讀水平，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x輔導(dǎo):老托福閱讀真題及答案 passage13，希望對大家有所幫助!
老托福閱讀文本passage13
Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.
All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.
On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.
老托福閱讀題目 passage13
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that
(A) the Earth began as a molten mass
(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust
(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common
(D) igneous rock is continually being formed
2. The word "invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) move into
(B) neutralize
(C) cover
(D) deposit
3. The word "contemporary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) vast
(B) natural
(C) existing
(D) uneven
4. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
(A) granite
(B) surface
(C) landscape
(D) texture
5. Granite that has been found above ground has been
(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma
(B) produced during a volcanic explosion
(C) gradually exposed due to erosion
(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth
6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?
(A) granite
(B) plutonic rock
(C) rhyolite
(D) mineral crystals
7. The word "finely" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) minutely
(B) loosely
(C) sensitively
(D) purely
8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?
(A) Plutonic rock
(B) Crystal
(C) Lava
(D) Obsidian
老托福閱讀答案 passage13
AACAC CAD
托福閱讀技巧：詞匯題應(yīng)對方法
為什么很多考生會對詞匯題束手無措?一方面是因?yàn)榭忌脑~匯量達(dá)不到，OG中詞匯題的解釋里有一句話，there is no “l(fā)ist of words” that must be tested. 這句話就告訴考生死了那條心去背所謂的大綱詞匯，因?yàn)闆]有大綱，而考試中要考查到的單詞可能是來自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一個(gè)單詞，范圍大的離譜;而另一方面則是因?yàn)橛械目忌鷽]有學(xué)會從上下文或者從語法結(jié)構(gòu)去猜測詞義。
因?yàn)镺G中的解釋還有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 所以很有可能考生在考試中所碰到的詞匯并不是已經(jīng)讓人熟知的第一詞義，而是要根據(jù)語境上下文推斷出的第二詞義甚至是第三詞義，所以又對考生做題增加了難度。最可悲的是不僅文章中的單詞意思不知道，連4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的單詞都有不認(rèn)識不熟悉的，這樣的結(jié)果就只能是亂猜一氣，聽天由命全憑運(yùn)氣，當(dāng)然考試結(jié)果也不會好。所以在此將給考生一點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)備新托福閱讀考試詞匯題的建議和解題方法，希望能給考生攻克詞匯題給予一些幫助。
Tip: 單詞記憶
單詞記憶主要就是背單詞。背單詞是很多同學(xué)覺得非常痛苦的事情，經(jīng)常會有學(xué)生來問藥怎么背，背了一些又馬上忘了另外一些。所以關(guān)于如何去背單詞，在這里有幾點(diǎn)建議：
1、利用零散的時(shí)間背單詞。利用零散的時(shí)間背單詞可以使用單詞卡片。不過，為了保證效率，首先要確定哪些單詞需要記憶。理論上，單詞量越多越好。實(shí)際上，如果一味貪多，結(jié)果容易打疲勞戰(zhàn)，而且效率低。所以，只記那些常考的核心詞匯，而對于那些不太常用的學(xué)科名詞、物質(zhì)名詞一般加以忽略。
2、進(jìn)行高頻率的重復(fù)，建議把重復(fù)的周期控制在7天以內(nèi)。具體說來，就是每天背100個(gè)單詞，將過一遍這些單詞的時(shí)間控制在半個(gè)小時(shí)以內(nèi)，每天過4遍，第二天再過一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同學(xué)可以壓縮到50個(gè)左右，但盡量不要低于50個(gè)。單詞材料可以找一些相關(guān)的新托福閱讀詞匯書，或者是以往考過的詞匯題內(nèi)容。
把背單詞和閱讀相結(jié)合。廣泛的閱讀也是增加詞匯量的一種方法，并且能夠在閱讀中加強(qiáng)對已經(jīng)背過的單詞的記憶。當(dāng)一篇文章的生詞量在5%左右的時(shí)候，這些生詞的詞義是可推的。所以我們在選擇閱讀材料的時(shí)候，應(yīng)盡量將單詞量控制在10%左右。單詞太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相關(guān)材料可以上一些網(wǎng)站看，例如economist, national geographic等等。
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托福閱讀輔導(dǎo):老托福閱讀真題及答案passage13
