麥哲倫英文簡(jiǎn)介
斐迪南·麥哲倫，探險(xiǎn)家、航海家、殖民者，完成了人類首次環(huán)球航行。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理的麥哲倫英文簡(jiǎn)介，希望對(duì)你有用!
斐迪南·麥哲倫簡(jiǎn)介
Ferdinand Magellan (full name Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish Fernando de Magallanes, 1480 spring - April 27, 1521), explorers, navigators, colonizers, Portuguese The effectiveness of the Spanish government.
1519 - 1521 led the fleet to complete the voyage of the Earth, Magellan in the way of death in the Philippines in the tribal conflict. The sailors on board continued to sail west after his death, returned to Europe, and completed the first human sailing.
斐迪南·麥哲倫人物生平
Teenager
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in a fall knight family in Porto, Portugal. At the age of 10 his father sent him to the palace service, he later served as the Queen's waiter.
In 1496, he was incorporated into the National Maritime Office, 1505 years participated in the first Portuguese ambassador to India Almeida expedition. Has followed the expedition to the eastern Africa, India and Malacca and other places to explore and carry out colonial activities. This experience has earned him a wealth of experience in navigation.
Participate in war
At the age of 25, he took part in the Spanish Royal Guard from Lisbon, sailing along the coast of Africa, and participated in the colonial war against Africa. Later, with the Arabs for the trade site battle. 30 years old to leave India to return home. However, he hit the reef on his way home, trapped on an island. Magellan and his sailors waited for a long time to wait until the rescue vessel, the superiors to understand the situation, he was promoted to the captain, and served in the army.
Plan to sail
Since then, he learned in the colonial war in Southeast Asia, the spice arch to the east, or a sea. Moreover, his friend astrologer Phariseo also calculated the location of the spice islands. He guessed that the east of the sea was the Americas and believed that the earth was round. So he had a plan to do a global voyage.
斐迪南·麥哲倫環(huán)球過程
Ready to sail
At the age of 33, Magellan returned to his hometown of Portugal. He applied to the Portuguese king Manuel to organize the fleet to explore, to conduct a global voyage. However, the king did not agree, because the king that the Oriental trade has been effectively controlled, there is no need to go to open up a new channel.
In 1517, he left Portugal, came to Sevilla, Spain and once again made a request for global voyage. The captain of the fortress of Seville admired his talents and courage, promised his request, and married his daughter.
In March 1518, the king of Spain, King Charles V (Carlos I) met Magellan, Magellan once again made a request for sailing, and dedicated to the king a homemade exquisite color globe. The king soon agreed to him.
On September 20, 1519, under the command of the king, Magellan organized a fleet of five ships, with the Trinidad flagship, as well as the San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria and Santiago, ready to sail.
But the Portuguese king soon knew the thing, and he was afraid that Magellan's voyage would help the Spanish forces more than Portugal. So he not only sent people in Seville continue to create rumors, but also sent some spies into the Magellan fleet, and ready to destroy the opportunity to assassinate Magellan.
Cross the Atlantic Ocean
On August 10, 1519, Magellan led the fleet of five ships. The fleet sailed for 70 days in the Atlantic Ocean and arrived on the Brazilian coast on 29 November. On the 10th of January, the fleet came to an endless bay. The crew thought that at the end of the Americas could enter the new ocean, but after field investigation, it was just an estuary, the La Plata River.
At the end of March, South America entered the winter season, so Magellan fleet flew into San Juan Harbor for the winter. Due to the cold weather, food shortage, the crew is very depressed mood. Crew internal rebellion, three captains jointly against Magellan, do not obey the command of Magellan, ordered Magellan to negotiate. Magellan sent a fake letter to send a letter of agreement and took the opportunity to assassinate the rebel captain.
Soon, Magellan in San Juan Harbor found a large number of seabirds, fish and fresh water, food problems have finally been resolved. Magellan also found nearby local residents, these people tall, dressed in skins; their shoes are also very special, they put the wet skins on the feet, up to the knee. Rain and snow on the outside and then set a pair of big boots. Magellan called them "footsteps" and arrested two "big feet" by deceit and put on shackles handcuffed in the cabin as a gift for the king of Spain.
In August, Magellan led the fleet to proceed. But they only had four ships.
Through the Americas
At the end of August 1520, the fleet took out St. Julian's Port and continued along Southern Coast to prepare for the Straits leading to the South China Sea. After three days of sailing, in the south latitude 52 ° place, found a bay. Magellan sent two ships to visit, hoping to identify the channel leading to the "South China Sea". Night encounter a storm, hurricane whistling, waves monstrous, sent to the ship at any time will have hit the cliffs and sinking of the danger, so emergency, actually lasted two days. It is also clever, in this sudden change in the moment, they found a leading to the "South China Sea" of the Gap Road, the descendants of the alleged Magellan Strait.
Magellan led the fleet to sail along the Strait of Magellan. Gap Road winding, when the width is narrow, the two sides of the mountain stands, fantastic. Aboriginal people on both sides of the strait, happy burning bonfire, daytime blue smoke plume, the night a bright, like the arrival of Magellan for the arrival of the guard of honor. Magellan was so happy that he saw the land on the ground at night, then put the south bank of the land of this land named "fire", which is today's Chile's fire island.
After more than 20 days of hard and roundabout sailing, and finally reached the west exit of the Straits, out of the Strait of Magellanic, eyes suddenly showing a calm, vast boundless "South China Sea."
Hungry in the Pacific
After more than 100 days of sailing, has not suffered a big storm, Magellan's mood has never been so easy, as if God helped him busy. He gave the "South China Sea" played a auspicious name, called "Pacific".
In this vast Pacific Ocean, can not see the land, not the island, food has become the most critical problem, more than 100 days and nights, they did not eat a little fresh food, only bread dry and hungry, and later even the bread dry also finished , Can only eat the worms of bread dry debris, this food emits like soy urine as odor. Fresh water in the cabin is also increasingly shallow, and finally can only drink with the smell of turbid yellow water. In order to survive, even covered in the ship's girders are also served as food, due to the sun, the wind, rain, leather hard like a stone, like to be soaked in seawater for four or five days, and then on the charcoal roast Long time to eat. Sometimes they also eat wood sawdust powder.
Arrived in Asia
In March 1521, the fleet finally reached three islands with inhabitants, some of which were islands in the Mariana Islands. The indigenous people on the island were dark and tall, and they were naked, but they were wearing palm leaves Made of hat. The enthusiastic islanders sent them food, fruits and vegetables. In the surprise, the crew of the enthusiasm of the residents, all feel the heartfelt gratitude.
But because the natives have never seen such a spectacular fleet, anything on the ship to show a sense of novelty, so from the ship to remove some items, the crew found, then loudly shouting, put them as a bandit, Also renamed the island as "bandits". When the islanders stole a lifeboat in the stern, Magellan was so angry that he led a team of armed men to the coast, shot and killed seven indigenous people, set fire to dozens of huts and Dozens of boats. So in Magellan's sailing diary left a very disgraceful page.
The fleet went westward and came to the present Philippine Islands. At this point, Magellan and his companions finally for the first time to complete the feat across the Pacific, confirmed the Americas and Asia, there is a vast waters. The waters are much wider than the Atlantic. Columbus crossed the Atlantic for the first time in just two months and a half days, and Magellan spent more than a hundred days crossing the Pacific Ocean in sunny and windy ways.
Magellan crossed the Pacific for the first time and had a revolution in geography and sailing. To prove that most of the surface of the earth is not land, but the ocean, the world's oceans are not isolated from each other, but a unified complete waters. This for the descendants of the maritime career has played a pioneering role.
The death of Magellan
On March 16, 1521, the Magellan fleet came to an uninhabited island near Samar, where it replenished some fresh water and let the seafarers rest. Residents living near the island came to watch the Spaniards, with coconuts, palm wine and other Spanish capes in exchange for red hats and some small plaything. A few days later, the fleet sailed southwest, anchored down the island north of Mindanao. A native sailboat came to the Trinidad ship, and a servant of Magellaner Enrique spoke to the paddlers in the Malaysian language, and they immediately understood Enrique's meaning. Enrique was born in Sumatra Island, 12 years ago Magellan from Malacca to Europe. Two hours later, came two ships, the ship filled with people, the local head also came. Enrique talks freely with them. At this time, Magellan suddenly realized, came to the middle of the people who speak Malay, from the "spice islands" is not far away, they are about to complete the first time in the history of human navigation.
The head of the island came to Magellan's command ship and brought the fleet to Cebu's port in the middle of the Philippines (Spanish royal colony: San Lazarus). Magellan expressed his willingness to be with the princes of Cebu Island, and if they admitted that they were the kings of the Spanish king, they were prepared to provide them with military assistance. In order to make the leader convinced the Spaniards, Magellan in the vicinity of a military exercise. Cebu's leader accepted the proposal, a week later, he carried the whole family size and hundreds of subjects were baptized, in a short period of time, the island and some of the nearby residents of the island are also baptized.
Magellan became the patron of these new Christians. In order to carry out the colonial rule, he intervened in the vicinity of the island leaders of the infighting. April 27, 1521, he led more than 60 people by three boats to the island, due to the water more rocks, ships can not dock, Magellan and the crew of more than 60 people wading landed. Unexpectedly, the resistance of the islanders have long been aggressive, Magellan ordered artillery and archers to fire them, but not attack. Then, the islanders pounced on them, the crew could not resist, while playing back, the islanders to catch up. Magellan rushed to rescue, ordered to burn the village to disturb the people. The islanders saw their house burned, smugged more angrily, and brought a dense arrow, throwing countless javelins and stones. When they learned that Magellan was the commander of the fleet, the attack was more violent, many people rushed, have to throw him a javelin, or with a big ax cut, Magellan in this battle was hacked to death.
Continuation of the remains
After his death, his companions continued to sail. On November 8, 1521, they anchored in a spice market in the island of the island of Tirolo. Where they are inexpensive items in exchange for a large number of spices, such as cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, etc. filled with the warehouse.
May 20, 1522 "Victoria" ship around the southern tip of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope. In this voyage, the crew reduced to only 35 people. And later to the west coast of Africa outside the Cape Verde Islands, they put a bag of clove with ashore in exchange for food, was found by the Portuguese pirates, and catch 13 people, leaving only 22 people.
September 6, 1522, "Victoria" was back to Spain, and finally completed the history of the first global voyage. When the "Victoria" ship returned to San Roque, the ship only 18 people. They have been extremely tired and weak, that is, the original people who know they can not tell. They shipped a considerable amount of spices, a fresh clove can be exchanged for a gold coin, the spice in exchange for money, not only to make up for all the cost of the expedition, but also earned a lot of profits.
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