2023萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗中英介紹_萬圣節(jié)各國(guó)習(xí)俗介紹
一年一度的萬圣節(jié)就要到來了，萬圣節(jié)的宗教氛圍逐漸淡去，輕松娛樂的氛圍倒是越來越濃，現(xiàn)在幾乎是全世界都在流行了，那么你們知道關(guān)于萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗中英介紹內(nèi)容還有哪些呢?下面是小編為大家準(zhǔn)備2020萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗中英介紹_萬圣節(jié)各國(guó)習(xí)俗介紹，歡迎參閱。
萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗中英介紹
the customs of halloween
halloween is an observance celebrated on the night of october 31, most notably by children dressing in costumes and going door-to-door collecting candy. it is celebrated in much of the western world, though most common in the united states, puerto rico, republic of ireland, the united kingdom, canada, and with increasing popularity in australia and new zealand. halloween originated in ireland as the pagan celtic harvest festival, samhain. irish, scots and other immigrants brought older versions of the tradition to north america in the 19th century. most other western countries have embraced halloween as a part of american pop culture in the late 20th century.
the term halloween, and its older spelling hallowe'en, is shortened from all-hallow-even, as it is the evening before "all hallows day"(also known as "all saints' day"). in ireland, the name was all hallows eve and this name is still used by some older people. halloween was also sometimes called all saints' eve. the holiday was a day of religious festivities in various northern european pagan traditions, until it was appropriated by christian missionaries and given a christian interpretation. in mexico november 1st and 2nd are celebrated as the "dia de los muertos" day of the dead. halloween is also called pooky night in some parts of ireland, presumably named after the púca, a mischievous spirit. in australia it is sometimes referred to as "mischief night", by locals.
halloween is sometimes associated with the occult. many european cultural traditions hold that halloween is one of the liminal times of the year when the spiritual world can make contact with the physical world and when magic is most potent (e.g. catalan mythology about witches).
halloween is an annual celebration, but just what is it actually a celebration of? and how did this peculiar custom originate? is it, as some claim, a kind of demon worship? or is it just a harmless vestige of some ancient pagan ritual?
the word itself, "halloween," actually has its origins in the catholic church. it comes from a contracted corruption of all hallows eve. november 1, "all hollows day" (or "all saints day"), is a catholic day of observance in honor of saints. but, in the 5th century bc, in celtic ireland, summer officially ended on october 31. the holiday was called samhain (sow-en), the celtic new year.
one story says that, on that day, the disembodied spirits of all those who had died throughout the preceding year would come back in search of living bodies to possess for the next year. it was believed to be their only hope for the afterlife. the celts believed all laws of space and time were suspended during this time, allowing the spirit world to intermingle with the living.
naturally, the still-living did not want to be possessed. so on the night of october 31, villagers would extinguish the fires in their homes, to make them cold and undesirable. they would then dress up in all manner of ghoulish costumes and noisily paraded around the neighborhood, being as destructive as possible in order to frighten away spirits looking for bodies to possess.
probably a better explanation of why the celts extinguished their fires was not to discourage spirit possession, but so that all the celtic tribes could relight their fires from a common source, the druidic fire that was kept burning in the middle of ireland, at usinach.
some accounts tell of how the celts would burn someone at the stake who was thought to have already been possessed, as sort of a lesson to the spirits. other accounts of celtic history debunk these stories as myth. the romans adopted the celtic practices as their own. but in the first century ad, samhain was assimilated into celebrations of some of the other roman traditions that took place in october, such as their day to honor pomona, the roman goddess of fruit and trees. the symbol of pomona is the apple, which might explain the origin of our modern tradition of bobbing for apples on halloween.
the thrust of the practices also changed over time to become more ritualized. as belief in spirit possession waned, the practice of dressing up like hobgoblins, ghosts, and witches took on a more ceremonial role. the custom of halloween was brought to america in the 1840's by irish immigrants fleeing their country's potato famine. at that time, the favorite pranks in new england included tipping over outhouses and unhinging fence gates.
the custom of trick-or-treating is thought to have originated not with the irish celts, but with a ninth-century european custom called souling. on november 2, all souls day, early christians would walk from village to village begging for "soul cakes," made out of square pieces of bread with currants. the more soul cakes the beggars would receive, the more prayers they would promise to say on behalf of the dead relatives of the donors. at the time, it was believed that the dead remained in limbo for a time after death, and that prayer, even by strangers, could expedite a soul's passage to heaven.
the jack-o-lantern custom probably comes from irish folklore. as the tale is told, a man named jack, who was notorious as a drunkard and trickster, tricked satan into climbing a tree. jack then carved an image of a cross in the tree's trunk, trapping the devil up the tree. jack made a deal with the devil that, if he would never tempt him again, he would promise to let him down the tree.
according to the folk tale, after jack died, he was denied entrance to heaven because of his evil ways, but he was also denied access to hell because he had tricked the devil. instead, the devil gave him a single ember to light his way through the frigid darkness. the ember was placed inside a hollowed-out turnip to keep it glowing longer. the irish used turnips as their "jack's lanterns" originally. but when the immigrants came to america, they found that pumpkins were far more plentiful than turnips. so the jack-o-lantern in america was a hollowed-out pumpkin, lit with an ember.
so, although some cults may have adopted halloween as their favorite "holiday," the day itself did not grow out of evil practices. it grew out of the rituals of celts celebrating a new year, and out of medieval prayer rituals of europeans. and today, even many churches have halloween parties or pumpkin carving events for the kids. after all, the day itself is only as evil as one cares to make it.
中文譯文：
萬圣節(jié)是紀(jì)念慶祝10月31日晚，尤其是在服飾打扮兒童和挨家挨戶上門收集糖果。這是在慶祝西方世界很多，不過大多數(shù)在美國(guó)，波多黎各，愛爾蘭共和國(guó)的共同，英國(guó)，加拿大，以及增加在澳大利亞和新西蘭的知名度。萬圣節(jié)起源于愛爾蘭作為異教徒的凱爾特人豐年祭，samhain。愛爾蘭，蘇格蘭和其他移民帶來的傳統(tǒng)舊版本北美在19世紀(jì)。大多數(shù)其他西方國(guó)家接受，作為美國(guó)流行文化在20世紀(jì)后期的一部分萬圣節(jié)。
萬圣節(jié)一詞，其舊拼寫萬圣節(jié)，是由原來的全空洞的，甚至，因?yàn)檫@是前天晚上“萬圣節(jié)日”(也稱為“萬圣節(jié)”)。在愛爾蘭，這個(gè)名字是萬圣節(jié)前夕，這個(gè)名字仍然是一些老年人使用。萬圣節(jié)，有時(shí)也被稱為萬圣節(jié)前夜。這個(gè)節(jié)日是一個(gè)宗教節(jié)日當(dāng)天在各個(gè)北歐異教傳統(tǒng)，直到它撥_傳教士和_給予解釋。在墨西哥11月1日和2日是著名的“直徑德洛杉磯穆?！彼劳鲋?。萬圣節(jié)之夜也稱為pooky大概在命名后，普愛爾蘭，一個(gè)頑皮的精神部分。在澳大利亞，有時(shí)稱為“惡作劇之夜”，由當(dāng)?shù)厝恕?/p>
萬圣節(jié)，有時(shí)候是因?yàn)樯衩?。許多歐洲的文化傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為，萬圣節(jié)是一年中閾限的時(shí)代精神時(shí)，其中一個(gè)世界上可以與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界接觸，當(dāng)是最強(qiáng)大的魔法(例如關(guān)于女巫加泰羅尼亞神話)。
萬圣節(jié)是一個(gè)一年一度的慶?；顒?dòng)，但到底什么才是真正的慶?；顒?dòng)?又是如何這一特殊習(xí)俗起源的?難道，像一些人所說，是惡魔崇拜呢?或者它僅僅是一些古老的異教儀式無害的痕跡?
這個(gè)詞本身，“萬圣節(jié)”，實(shí)際上是在天主教會(huì)的起源。它來自一個(gè)萬圣節(jié)前夕承包腐敗。 11月1日，“所有空心日”(或“萬圣節(jié)”)，是一種榮譽(yù)的紀(jì)念天主教圣徒一天。但是，在公元前5世紀(jì)，愛爾蘭的凱爾特人，10月31日正式結(jié)束夏季。這個(gè)節(jié)日被稱為samhain(播種恩)，凱爾特新年。
一個(gè)故事說，在這一天，所有那些誰在整個(gè)前一年去世會(huì)來的活體搜索返回的游魂擁有下一年度。這被認(rèn)為是他們對(duì)來世的唯一希望。凱爾特人相信所有空間和時(shí)間的法律在此期間暫停，讓世界的精神與生活混為一談。 當(dāng)然，仍然生活不想被占有。所以在10月31日晚，村民們撲滅大火家園，使他們感冒，并不可取。然后，他們將打扮成各種殘忍的方式，大肆服裝居民區(qū)周圍的游行，被視為破壞盡可能以嚇跑尋找精神的機(jī)構(gòu)擁有。
可能是更好的解釋為什么凱爾特人熄滅的大火并沒有阻止神附體，但至今所有的凱爾特部落可能重新點(diǎn)燃一個(gè)共同的源頭，從他們的火災(zāi)，火災(zāi)的druidic被關(guān)在愛爾蘭中燃燒，在usinach。
一些帳戶告訴凱爾特人如何將燃燒在誰被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)擁有的股份的人，作為一個(gè)教訓(xùn)排序的精神。凱爾特人歷史上的其他帳戶揭穿這些故事的神話。
羅馬人通過作為自己的凱爾特做法。但在公元一世紀(jì)，samhain是到其他古羅馬的傳統(tǒng)，采取了一些他們?cè)?0日舉行，兌現(xiàn)波莫納一些慶祝吸收，水果和樹木羅馬女神。在波莫那象征是蘋果，這可能解釋我們對(duì)萬圣節(jié)的蘋果漂泊的現(xiàn)代傳統(tǒng)的起源。
在還隨時(shí)間變化的做法，重點(diǎn)更加儀式。正如精神信仰藏減弱，衣像妖怪，鬼魂的實(shí)踐，和女巫儀式上的作用更加了。
萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗被帶到美國(guó)在1840年的逃離自己國(guó)家的愛爾蘭馬鈴薯饑荒的移民。當(dāng)時(shí)，在新英格蘭最喜歡的惡作劇包括在外屋小費(fèi)和unhinging柵欄門。
定制的伎倆或善待被認(rèn)為具有起源與愛爾蘭凱爾特人，而是與第九世紀(jì)歐洲習(xí)慣稱為souling。 11月2日，追思節(jié)，早期_，走著，村與村的“靈魂蛋糕，”乞討由與葡萄干面包片方出。月餅越靈魂會(huì)得到的乞丐，更祈禱他們承諾說對(duì)捐助者對(duì)死者的親屬代表。當(dāng)時(shí)，有人認(rèn)為，死者留在冰封了死后的時(shí)間，而祈禱甚至陌生人，可加速靈魂的通道天堂。
該南瓜燈籠習(xí)俗可能是由來自愛爾蘭的民間傳說。由于故事被告知，名叫jack，誰被認(rèn)為是酒鬼和騙子臭名昭著的一個(gè)男人，欺騙，爬樹撒旦。杰克則刻一個(gè)在樹的樹干交叉形象，捕獲魔鬼了樹。杰克在與魔鬼，如果他決不會(huì)再誘使他達(dá)成協(xié)議，他會(huì)答應(yīng)讓他失望的樹。
根據(jù)民間故事，杰克去世后，他被拒絕進(jìn)入天堂，因?yàn)樗淖飷盒袕?，但他也拒絕進(jìn)入地獄，因?yàn)樗_了魔鬼。相反，魔鬼給了他一個(gè)單一的余燼點(diǎn)燃通過寒冷黑暗的路上。在余燼放在里面一鏤空的蘿卜，以保持發(fā)光時(shí)間。 用蘿卜愛爾蘭作為他們的“杰克的燈籠”原本。但是，當(dāng)移民來到美國(guó)時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)南瓜是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過蘿卜豐富。因此，南瓜燈籠是在美國(guó)一鏤空的南瓜，用余燼點(diǎn)燃。
因此，盡管有些邪教可能采用為他們最喜愛的“節(jié)日萬圣節(jié)，”這一天本身卻沒有增加邪惡的作法。它的前身是在慶祝新年凱爾特人儀式，并指出歐洲中世紀(jì)的祈禱儀式。今天，甚至很多教會(huì)萬圣節(jié)南瓜雕刻政黨或?yàn)楹⒆觽兊幕顒?dòng)。畢竟，這一天本身是邪惡的，只是作為一個(gè)關(guān)心使。
萬圣節(jié)各國(guó)習(xí)俗介紹
萬圣節(jié)源于宗教信仰和西方古歷法(凱爾特樹歷)，所以最初的涵義等同于中國(guó)農(nóng)歷的新年。后因?yàn)樘熘鹘虒⑵涠椤疤煜率ネ街铡?，所以所有信仰_(天主、圣公宗、東正等教派)的地區(qū)、民族、國(guó)家都會(huì)共同度過這一節(jié)日。
隨著時(shí)間的推移，如今的萬圣節(jié)流行地區(qū)，主要以印歐語系中的日耳曼語族、拉丁語族和波羅地—斯拉夫語族國(guó)家為主，包括了歐洲、美洲、非洲、大洋洲在內(nèi)的多個(gè)國(guó)家。
亞洲地區(qū)，則主要是曾經(jīng)被殖民或宗教文化薄弱的國(guó)家會(huì)有過萬圣節(jié)的傳統(tǒng)，比如越南、菲律賓等。但諸如日本、泰國(guó)、中國(guó)等國(guó)也逐漸因?yàn)椴煌木壒书_始出現(xiàn)部分地區(qū)的萬圣節(jié)慶典活動(dòng)。
美國(guó)萬圣節(jié)
萬圣節(jié)傳入美國(guó)是在1840年間。由于當(dāng)時(shí)的愛爾蘭饑荒，造成大批愛爾蘭人移民美國(guó)，他們把慶祝萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗也帶到了美國(guó)這片土地。
美國(guó)每逢此日所有商店都出售鬼怪形食品、糖果、服裝和面具等;由于南瓜燈是節(jié)日的標(biāo)志，所以家家戶戶都要買南瓜制作南瓜燈、進(jìn)行南瓜燈比賽。晚上小朋友都會(huì)參加討糖吃的活動(dòng)，他們提著南瓜燈籠挨家討糖，如果主人不給糖，孩子就會(huì)通過各種方式給主人造麻煩，或是將垃圾扔到主人家門口，或是踩爛他們門口的南瓜。
英國(guó)萬圣節(jié)
英國(guó)是萬圣節(jié)的起源地。公元前五世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)居住于愛爾蘭的凱爾特人將10月31日定為夏末，象征一年的結(jié)束。凱爾特人為怕成為鬼魂的目標(biāo)，便于當(dāng)晚熄滅家中爐火，戴上猙獰可怕的面具，并打扮成鬼怪模樣一起走到街上巡游，以驅(qū)趕那些游魂野鬼。漸漸地，這些傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗演變成今天年輕人的慶?；顒?dòng)，大家盡情在這晚扮鬼扮馬，過一個(gè)開開心心的節(jié)日。
萬圣節(jié)到來，英國(guó)每個(gè)地方都有各自特色的活動(dòng)。例如每年10月中下旬，倫敦的大街小巷就充滿了靈異氣氛。萬圣節(jié)期間在倫敦塔還原了很多施刑現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，在血腥塔里仿佛能感受到鬼影重重。Seone是倫敦最大的夜總會(huì)，其萬圣節(jié)舞會(huì)在10月31日當(dāng)晚通宵狂歡。
約克郡是英國(guó)著名的鬼郡。游客可到南部的謝菲爾見識(shí)一下這里萬圣節(jié)熱鬧的情景。每年萬圣節(jié)當(dāng)日，市中心一帶的路段都會(huì)封鎖，用作舉辦Fright Night，這是一個(gè)規(guī)模冠絕全英的萬圣節(jié)慶典，每年有超過4萬人參與，參加者以妖魔鬼怪的可怕造型示人，并一同上街嚇人，實(shí)行嘩鬼鬧全城。
此外，慶典當(dāng)日還有不少活動(dòng)供游客參與，包括猛鬼街頭劇場(chǎng)、機(jī)動(dòng)游戲、搞鬼時(shí)裝表演、靈異導(dǎo)賞團(tuán)、樂隊(duì)演出、驚慌小食攤……膽子夠大，喜歡刺激有趣的朋友，都不妨來見識(shí)一下。
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