高三英語期末考試必考知識點(diǎn)概括
英語是典型的需要日常積累的學(xué)科，此時，"英語科沖刺階段的復(fù)習(xí)，就是要回到課本，把單詞和語法都重新看一遍"，不斷的進(jìn)行知識復(fù)習(xí)，才能更好的加深印象。以下是小編給大家整理的高三英語期末考試必考知識點(diǎn)，希望大家能夠喜歡!
高三英語期末考試必考知識點(diǎn)概括
疑問代詞概說
"疑問代詞有who(誰，主格)，whom(誰，賓格)，whose(誰的，所有格)，what(什么)和which(哪個，哪些)等。
疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中
疑問代詞一般都放在句首，并在句中作為某一句子成分。如：
Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天誰來跟我們講話?(who作主語)
Who told you so?是誰告訴你的?(who作主語)
Whom are you talking about ?你們在說誰?(whom作賓語，但在句首時口語常用who代替whom)
Whose umbrella is this ?這是誰的傘?(whose作定語)
What is that? 那是什么?(what作表語)
What did he say?他說什么?(what作賓語)
Which is yours，the blue pen or the redone?藍(lán)筆和紅筆哪一支是你的?(which作主語)
[注一]關(guān)于疑問代詞的各種用法，可參看77.70-77.72。
[注二]疑問代詞who，what，which等后面加單詞ever，可強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣，表達(dá)說話人的各種感情。如：
What ever do you want?你到底想要什么?
Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找誰?
[注三]which表示在一定范圍之內(nèi)的選擇，what則沒有這種限制。如：
What do you usually have for lunch?你們午飯通常吃些什么?
Which do you like best?你最喜歡哪一個?
Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? 你們同志們中間誰是東北人?
疑問代詞可以引導(dǎo)一個間接疑問句
間接疑問句在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語等。疑問代詞本身在間接疑問句中又擔(dān)任一定的句子成分。如：
Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided.誰將負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作，現(xiàn)在還沒有決定。(疑問代詞who引導(dǎo)一個主語從句，它本身又在從句中用作主語。)
Do you know what his name is?你知道他叫什么名字嗎?(疑問代詞what引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，而它本身又在從句中用作表語。)
[注一] what所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(即主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句) 有時不是間接疑問句。如：
What he says is quite true.他所講的話很對。(what相當(dāng)于that which。它引導(dǎo)一個主語從句，這個從句不是間接疑問句。)
Children do what the nurse tells them to do.保育員讓孩子干什么他們就做什么。(what引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，這個從句也不是間接疑問句。)
[注二] whatever，whoever，whichever等詞可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。這些名詞性從句也不是間接疑問句。whatever，whoever，whichever也可引導(dǎo)表示讓步的狀語從句。見15.65和15.72)如：
They eat whatever they can find.他們找到什么就吃什么。(whatever引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，并在從句中作賓語。)
I've got plenty of books 1eft.Whoever wants an extra copy can get one from me.我還剩下許多書，誰還想再要一本可來拿。(whoever引導(dǎo)一個主語從句，并在從句中作主語。)
高三英語期末考試必考知識點(diǎn)
主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.
(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù). 以下為注意事項(xiàng):
1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。
2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)
用and連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù). 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務(wù)是我的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。
4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù).
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。
5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:
Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說。
6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
More than one student was late. 不只一個學(xué)生遲到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。
7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。
None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù). 如:
His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。
9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>; 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點(diǎn)。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則:
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。
4. 表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解雇他。
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原則
1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
高三英語期末考試知識點(diǎn)
1. 分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件，方式或伴隨狀況。通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況時可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語從句。例如：
Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. 分詞短語作時間狀語
Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits. 分詞短語作原因狀語
Given time (=If he is given time), he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. 分詞短語作條件狀語
We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things. (= and think that all children like these things.) 分詞短語作伴隨狀語
2. 有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，分詞前可帶when, while, if, though, as if, unless等連詞一起作狀語，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如：
When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
Though tired, he still continued reading.
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時的用法比較。
不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞單獨(dú)作狀語，其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成一個相應(yīng)的狀語從句或并列句，如果狀語分句或并列句中的謂語動詞為被動結(jié)構(gòu)，就用過去分詞;如果狀語分句或并列句中的謂語動詞為主動結(jié)構(gòu)，就用現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：
When compared with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
分詞部分相當(dāng)于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主語與分詞是被動關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞。
When comparing it with the size of the whole earth, we find that the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
When we compare it with the size of the whole earth... 主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系, 所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。
Faced with a bill for,000(=Because he is faced with a bill for,000), John has taken an extra job.
Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always saying the same thing (= and he would say the same thing).
注意：
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞有兩種時態(tài)：一般式doing和完成式having done。一般式通常表示與主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生或無先后;完成式則強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動作先于謂語動詞所表示的動作。如：
While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.(同時發(fā)生)
Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (“等待”先于謂語動詞“意識到”)
2. 分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成: not +分詞。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
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高三英語期末考試必考知識點(diǎn)概括
