不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)總結(jié)

　　以下是小編為大家整理的不定式的用法總結(jié)，希望能幫助大家更好地認(rèn)識不定式，提高英語水平。

　　不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞不定式一般有三種時(shí)態(tài)形式，即一般式、進(jìn)行式和完成式。

　　(1) 一般式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)：表示與主句謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生或在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的事情。例如：

　　We’re happy to have you on our side.有你在我們這邊我們很高興。

　　I saw him go out.我看見他出去了。( 不定式go out 與 see同時(shí)發(fā)生。)

　　They invited me to have dinner with them.他們邀請我和他們一起吃晚飯。

　　I hope to see you again.我希望再見到你(to see發(fā)生在hope之后)

　　(2) 進(jìn)行式(to be+現(xiàn)在分詞)：表示主句謂語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：

　　She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 據(jù)說/據(jù)信她就住在附近。

　　When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed.他進(jìn)來時(shí)，我碰巧正在床上睡覺。

　　They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves.看上去他們似乎很快活。

　　He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound他聽見父親的聲音，假裝正在做作業(yè)。

　　The president was reported to be visiting the hospital.據(jù)報(bào)道總統(tǒng)正在訪問那家醫(yī)院。

　　(3)完成式(to have+過去分詞)：表示在主句謂語的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的事情。:如：

　　I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高興在這兒見到了你父母(已見過)

　　I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long.我很抱歉讓他等了我這樣久。(已經(jīng)等過了)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式和下列動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)連用，表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情：plan, hope, expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它們的過去時(shí)。另外還有should/would like/love。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“本打算/想/計(jì)劃…”的意思。例如：

　　The game were to have taken place in Room.比賽原計(jì)劃在羅馬舉行。

　　He planned to have gone abroad last week. =He planned to go abroad but he didn’t. 他原計(jì)劃上周出國的。

　　I’d like to have been offered the job and(to have been)given the opportunity to prove myself.我真想(當(dāng)時(shí))把這個(gè)工作給了我，給我個(gè)機(jī)會讓我證明我自己。

　　同樣的意思也可用上述動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)加動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式來表達(dá)。例如：

　　I had hoped to visit the great pyramid. =I hoped to have visited the great pyramid. =I hoped to visit it, but I didn’t. 我本希望參觀大金字塔的。

　　They would have liked to have your help. =They would like to have had your help. =They wanted to have your help but they didn’t have it. 他們本想得到你幫助的。

　　不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式有兩種：

　　一般式：to be+過去分詞

　　完成式：to have been+過去分詞

　　You’re lucky to have been accepted .你很幸運(yùn)已經(jīng)被接受了。

　　These criminals are to be hanged .這些罪犯是將被絞死的。

　　We’re glad to have been invited. 受到邀請我們很高興。

　　What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么?

　　It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我很榮幸應(yīng)邀在這里講話。

　　為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省略，但to有時(shí)保留，有時(shí)不保留。例如：

　　You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力，你會成功的。

　　George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to. George說要離開上海，但是我不認(rèn)為他真的愿意走。

　　Some of them retired, and others were ready to.一些人退休了，還有的準(zhǔn)備退。

　　He always speaks faster than he needs to.他說話總是沒必要的快。

　　I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to). 我倒是想現(xiàn)在干，但沒時(shí)間。

　　“Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad to.”“你愿意和我一起去嗎?”“愿意。”

　　“Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.”“你考試及格了嗎?”“沒有，我努力了，但沒成功。

　　“Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.” “你愿意為他們唱首英文歌嗎?”“我不想唱。”

　　You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to) again.如果他們再要求你，你最后唱一首英文歌。

　　后面常省略不定式而保留to的結(jié)構(gòu)，還有：

　　used to 常常 be going to 打算

　　mean to 打算 ought to 應(yīng)該

　　plan to 計(jì)劃 want to 要想

　　兩個(gè)不定式由and, or, except, but, than 連接時(shí)，第二個(gè)可省略to，尤其是兩個(gè)不定式緊密相連時(shí)。如：

　　I intend to call on him and discuss this question again,我打算去拜訪他并和他談?wù)勥@個(gè)問題。

　　I’d like to lie down and go to sleep.我想躺下睡覺。

　　You’re free to talk or laugh here.在這里你可以隨便說笑。

　　I’m anxious to go and ask him about it.我急于去問問他這個(gè)事。

　　Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? 你想現(xiàn)在吃午飯還是再等會兒?

　　We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinema. 我們無事可做，只有看看電影院外面的招貼。

　　He had nothing to do except talk nonsense. 除了胡說八道，他沒別的事干。

　　I would rather die than be insulted.我寧死也不受侮辱。

　　I’ll do anything but work on a farm. 除了去農(nóng)場干活，我什么都干。

　　It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 說服人容易，強(qiáng)迫人難。

　　It’s better to take a taxi than (to) wait here.搭出租車也比在這等強(qiáng)。

　　句子中but后面的不定式帶不帶to，取決于but前面的句子里含不含do，只要有與do/did有關(guān)的詞(do作謂語，to do作定語等等)，but后面的不定式就省掉to。

　　I have no choice but to go there alone. 除了獨(dú)自一個(gè)去以外， 我別無選擇。

　　I can do nothing but go there alone. 除了獨(dú)自一個(gè)到那里去，我別無選擇。

　　I have nothing to do but go there alone. 除了獨(dú)自一個(gè)到那里去我沒事可干。

　　He did nothing but cry all day long. 他除了整天哭，什么也不干。

　　時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)　　　 主動(dòng)　　　　　被動(dòng)

　　一般式　　　　　 to do　　　　　　to be done

　　進(jìn)行式　　　　　 to be doing

　　完成式　　　　　 to have done　　 to have been done

　　完成進(jìn)行式　　　 to have been doing

　　1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。

　　He seems to know this.

　　I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再見到你。

　　2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。

　　I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

　　He seems to have caught a cold.

　　3) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

　　She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

　　4) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

　　He seems to be eating something.