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Students are opting out of the law school entrance exam in significant numbers as theyconfront a scarcity of law jobs and the prospect of staggering debt loads. While some lawschools are trimming back class sizes and tinkering with curriculum, most are forging ahead, and some are even expanding.
決定不參加法學(xué)院入學(xué)考試的學(xué)生人數(shù)越來(lái)越可觀，因?yàn)樗麄兯鎸?duì)的是法律類職位的短缺和身負(fù)沉重債務(wù)的未來(lái)。部分法學(xué)院正在精簡(jiǎn)班級(jí)規(guī)模，修訂課程設(shè)置，但是大部分仍在繼續(xù)推行原有體制，一部分甚至還在擴(kuò)張。
There is talk among law schools of teaching more practical skills, focusing on narrower, butenduring, legal specialties like bankruptcy, and even lopping off the third year of law school. But others are saying legal education's survival will come by way of radical new models likemodular teaching, which would use part-time professors for defined periods, or lawyeracademies, which are more like trade schools readying attorneys to practice immediately aftergraduating.
各大法學(xué)院內(nèi)都流傳著一種觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為法律系應(yīng)當(dāng)教授更加實(shí)用的技能，側(cè)重那些覆蓋面較為狹窄、但是經(jīng)久不衰的法律課題，比如破產(chǎn)，甚至可以砍掉法律專業(yè)的第三個(gè)學(xué)年。但也有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，法律教育要靠徹頭徹尾的新模式才能生存下去，比如采用模塊化教學(xué)，劃定課程時(shí)數(shù)，由兼職教授授課，或者開(kāi)辦那種更像是職業(yè)學(xué)校的律師學(xué)院，培養(yǎng)一畢業(yè)就能馬上開(kāi)始執(zhí)業(yè)的律師。
These are two possibilities outlined in the current issue of the Michigan Journal of Law Reform, by Kyle McEntee and two co-authors from Law School Transparency, a group founded in 2009 tomake the law school admissions process more open and job placement numbers clear.
本期《密歇根大學(xué)法律改革學(xué)報(bào)》(Michigan Journal of Law Reform)中概述了兩種可能性，文章的作者是凱爾•麥肯蒂以及兩名來(lái)自法律教育政策組織法學(xué)院透明度(Law School Transparency)的署名作者。這個(gè)組織成立于2009年，致力于提高法律系入學(xué)程序的公開(kāi)度和就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)的透明度。
"Right now, schools are dabbling in what to do, " says McEntee, "but the issue is already atcrisis proportion. We have to start thinking about new options and new systems. Tinkering isnot enough."
“目前，各大院校正在試水各種應(yīng)對(duì)措施，”麥肯蒂說(shuō)。“但是這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)到了緊要關(guān)頭。我們得開(kāi)始思考新的對(duì)策和新的體制。光靠修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)是不夠的。”
So far, about half of the nation's 200 law schools are cutting back the size of their enteringclasses, and many are handing out more student financial aid, which effectively lowers tuition. But the powerful economic reality is that law schools are big business, with tuition high enoughthat students graduate with an average of more than 0, 000 each in debt.
迄今為止，全美共200所法學(xué)院中，約半數(shù)正在縮減入學(xué)新生的班級(jí)規(guī)模，還有不少法學(xué)院在為學(xué)生提供更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)資助，以便有效地降低學(xué)生的學(xué)費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān)。然而眼下強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)是，開(kāi)設(shè)法學(xué)院可是筆大買(mǎi)賣(mài)。法學(xué)院的學(xué)生畢業(yè)時(shí)，每人平均要背負(fù)10萬(wàn)美元以上的債務(wù)，由此可見(jiàn)學(xué)費(fèi)之高。
Salaries are a major factor, with some law professors at elite or large law schools earning inexcess of 0, 000 to 0, 000 annually. These sums significantly outpace other legalremuneration, except for the 10% in the upper ranks at top law firms.
當(dāng)中的一大因素是師資人員的薪水，在重點(diǎn)或大型法學(xué)院，部分法律教授的年薪在35萬(wàn)到40萬(wàn)美元以上。除了排名在前10%內(nèi)的頂級(jí)法律機(jī)構(gòu)外，這個(gè)金額遠(yuǎn)超其他法律從業(yè)人員的薪資水平。
But law school deans insist, almost uniformly, that the tuition rates are worth it, arguing thatthe law degree will hold its value over a period of years. And few deans, also law professorsthemselves, want to meddle with a proven earning machine or trigger alumni wrath bydevaluing the professional degree.
但是，法學(xué)院的院長(zhǎng)們幾乎一致堅(jiān)稱，法學(xué)院的學(xué)費(fèi)價(jià)有所值，辯稱法律學(xué)位能夠保值數(shù)年之久。他們本身也兼任法律教授，當(dāng)中很少有人愿意干預(yù)一臺(tái)成熟的盈利機(jī)器，或者不惜惹惱校友來(lái)讓本校的專業(yè)學(xué)位貶值。
"It's a powerful juggernaut that has momentum of its own, " says Brian Tamanaha, aWashington University School of Law professor and author of Failing Law Schools. Readilyavailable student loans, lock-step accreditation processes, and national law school rankings alsohave helped create a one-size-fits-all law school system that does not suit the majority ofstudents, he concludes.
“這是一種強(qiáng)大的主導(dǎo)力量，有它自身的動(dòng)力存在，”布賴恩•塔瑪納哈表示。他是華盛頓大學(xué)法學(xué)院(Washington University School of Law)的教授，同時(shí)也是《失敗的法學(xué)院》(Failing Law Schools)一書(shū)的作者。他總結(jié)說(shuō)，唾手可得的貸學(xué)金、固步自封的評(píng)審程序，還有全國(guó)法學(xué)院排名，都助長(zhǎng)了這種一刀切式的法學(xué)院體制，而這種體制并不適合大多數(shù)的學(xué)生。
Tamanaha says that the American Bar Association accreditation system has excessivelyencouraged a "scholarly model" where handsomely paid professors teach few courses so theyhave time to write law journal articles or conduct research.
塔瑪納哈認(rèn)為，美國(guó)律師協(xié)會(huì)(American Bar Association)的評(píng)審機(jī)制過(guò)度鼓勵(lì)了法學(xué)院的“學(xué)術(shù)模式”。在這種模式下，薪水可觀的教授很少帶課，從而可以騰出時(shí)間撰寫(xiě)法律學(xué)術(shù)文章或者開(kāi)展研究。
That model may work well for top-tier schools but, Tamanaha argues, it's too expensive forstudents preparing for careers in public service, pro bono, or similar attorney positions.
塔瑪納哈指出，這一模式對(duì)頂級(jí)院校而言或許行之有效，但是對(duì)那些準(zhǔn)備擔(dān)任公共服務(wù)、法律援助及其他同類律師職位的學(xué)生而言，費(fèi)用就太過(guò)昂貴了。
Can the legal fat be trimmed?
“法學(xué)臃腫”有解藥嗎?
One solution, he says, is for professors to teach more courses each academic year to cut backon law school salary budgets. Other schools could rely more on part-time professors and offertwo-year degrees to shave the overall tuition bill.
塔瑪納哈表示，方法之一便是讓教授在每學(xué)年帶更多的課，從而降低法學(xué)院的工資預(yù)算。其他院系則可更多地起用兼職教授，同時(shí)提供兩年制的法律學(xué)位，以此削減學(xué)生的學(xué)費(fèi)總額。
Several prestigious law schools have targeted the third year for overhaul, including New YorkUniversity's School of Law which, in October, agreed to open the third year of study tointernational experience, or work in a specialized area like environmental or antitrust law. Another cadre of students could choose to focus on specialties like patent or tax law.
一些享有盛名的法學(xué)院已經(jīng)開(kāi)始瞄準(zhǔn)第三學(xué)年，把它作為改革目標(biāo)。紐約大學(xué)法學(xué)院(New YorkUniversity's School of Law)便是其中之一，該院在今年10月通過(guò)決議，允許學(xué)生在三年級(jí)時(shí)赴海外進(jìn)修，或者專攻某一專門(mén)領(lǐng)域，比如環(huán)境法，或者反壟斷法。其他一些優(yōu)秀學(xué)生也可選擇專攻專利法、稅法等專門(mén)領(lǐng)域。
Washington and Lee Law School adopted a revamped third year approach, so students canwork at law clinics or internships at outside locations. Stanford Law School also broadened itsthird-year curriculum for students to earn joint degrees with other university departments.
華盛頓與李大學(xué)法學(xué)院(Washington and Lee Law School)采取的對(duì)策則是修訂了三年級(jí)的規(guī)劃，讓學(xué)生可以進(jìn)入校內(nèi)法律診所或者校外單位實(shí)習(xí)。斯坦福法學(xué)院(Stanford Law School)也放寬了三年級(jí)的課程限制，允許學(xué)生獲取該院系與其他大學(xué)院系的聯(lián)合學(xué)位。
McEntee, however, says that by using adjunct professors, who are typically practicingattorneys, teaching a course over a defined period of time, students could get the benefit ofexpertise and lower costs. Adjunct professors "don't have the time to commit to somethinglong-term," he says.
不過(guò)，麥肯錫認(rèn)為，起用兼任教授(通常為執(zhí)業(yè)律師)教授指定課時(shí)的課程能讓學(xué)生同時(shí)獲得學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)知識(shí)和降低學(xué)習(xí)成本的好處。他表示，兼職教授“沒(méi)有時(shí)間投入長(zhǎng)期性的規(guī)劃”。
Another alternative, he outlines in his journal article, would be to develop law schools modeledafter American military academies such as West Point. Students would receive a core liberalarts undergraduate education with a focus on preparing for law practice, says McEntee.
麥肯錫在學(xué)報(bào)文章中概述的另一種選擇則是仿效西點(diǎn)軍校(West Point)等美國(guó)軍事院校的方式建設(shè)法學(xué)院。他說(shuō)，學(xué)生可以在法學(xué)院校接受重點(diǎn)文科課程的本科教育，同時(shí)側(cè)重于法律實(shí)踐方面的準(zhǔn)備。
"It’s unlikely," he concedes, "that many existing law schools would adopt this practice. Itwould probably work better for new schools."
“要讓現(xiàn)有的很多法學(xué)院采用這一措施，”他承認(rèn)，“應(yīng)該不太可能。這大概比較適合新開(kāi)的院校。”
Diminishing interest, skittish applicants
日益下降的興趣，驚慌不安的申請(qǐng)人
As some law schools consider or adopt new models, students grow increasingly skittish aboutlaw school. The number taking the law school admissions test in October 2012 was down by 16.4% from the previous year, hitting its lowest level since 1999, according to figures fromthe Law School Admissions Council released in November.
隨著部分法學(xué)院開(kāi)始考慮或?qū)嵭行碌哪Ｊ?，學(xué)生對(duì)法學(xué)院的態(tài)度也愈發(fā)不安。法學(xué)院入學(xué)委員會(huì)(Law SchoolAdmissions Council)于11月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2012年10月參加法學(xué)院入學(xué)考試的人數(shù)較前一年下降了16.4%，創(chuàng)下了1999年以來(lái)的最低水平。
So far, 51% of law schools have cut the size of their entering classes, according to a Novembersurvey of law school admissions officers by Kaplan Test Prep, the education and career servicesprovider. Two-thirds said they did so because of a weak legal job market, and more schoolsanticipate trimming back again in the future.
教育與職業(yè)培訓(xùn)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)卡普蘭考試培訓(xùn)學(xué)校(Kaplan Test Prep)11月對(duì)法學(xué)院招生辦人員進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，迄今為止，已有51%的法學(xué)院縮減了入學(xué)新生的班級(jí)規(guī)模。其中有三分之二表示，這么做是因?yàn)榉煞较虻木蜆I(yè)市場(chǎng)疲軟，還有更多的學(xué)校預(yù)期會(huì)在未來(lái)再次縮減班級(jí)規(guī)模。
These law schools are following in the footsteps of the University of California Hastings Collegeof Law, which announced last spring that it would reduce its admitted student pool by 20%. Hastings' dean, Frank Wu, noted at the time that there are "too many law schools and there aretoo many law students and we need to do something about that."
這些法學(xué)院正在追隨加利福尼亞大學(xué)哈斯汀法學(xué)院(University of California Hastings College of Law)的腳步——該學(xué)院于去年春季宣布減招20%。院長(zhǎng)吳華揚(yáng)曾在當(dāng)時(shí)表態(tài)稱，如今“法學(xué)院太多，法學(xué)生也太多，我們必須采取行動(dòng)。”
Kaplan also found that 47% of law schools have increased the amount of financial aid they aregiving to students for the current school year, a sign to Paul Campos, a University of Coloradolaw professor who writes the "Inside the Law School Scam" blog, that law schools are loweringtheir entry standards.
卡普蘭還發(fā)現(xiàn)，47%的法學(xué)院提高了本學(xué)年提供給學(xué)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)資助金額?？屏_拉多大學(xué)(University ofColorado)法律教授保羅•坎波斯曾經(jīng)撰寫(xiě)了《法學(xué)院騙局揭秘》系列博客(Inside the Law SchoolScam)，他認(rèn)為，這預(yù)示著法學(xué)院正在降低自己的入學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Campos, who tracks law school statistics, says the total number of law school applicants for thecurrent academic year, is one-third lower than the number in the 2003-2004 academic year.
坎波斯長(zhǎng)期追蹤法學(xué)院的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，他表示，本學(xué)年申請(qǐng)法學(xué)院的總?cè)藬?shù)較2003-2004學(xué)年的申請(qǐng)人數(shù)減少了三分之一。
Law school enrollment is down by about 15% from 2010, which was a record high with nearly 52,500 students signing up for classes. This academic year, the number was 45,000 full- andpart-time students, according to the ABA.
法學(xué)院就讀人數(shù)自2010年以近5.25萬(wàn)人創(chuàng)下歷史高位以來(lái)，至今已經(jīng)下降了約15%。據(jù)美國(guó)律師協(xié)會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，本學(xué)年的全日制及非全日制學(xué)生共計(jì)4.5萬(wàn)人。
"This isn't sustainable," warns Campos. "There is a zealous faith in American culture thathigher education always pays for itself, but it's like the subprime mortgage scandal withoutsecuritization. When people realize it's a worthless degree, the system is going to collapse."
“這樣是無(wú)法持續(xù)的，”坎波斯警告稱。“美國(guó)文化里有種狂熱的信仰，認(rèn)為高等教育總能收回成本，但這就像沒(méi)有進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)證券化的次貸危機(jī)。當(dāng)人們意識(shí)到這個(gè)學(xué)位毫無(wú)價(jià)值時(shí)，整個(gè)體系就會(huì)崩潰。”
The legal field's problems have been growing for some time, according to a review of law schoolemployment data from the National Association of Law Placement, which found that two out ofthree of the approximately 1.4 million law school graduates over the past 25 years have foundfull-time jobs requiring juris doctor degrees.
美國(guó)國(guó)家法律就業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)(National Association of Law Placement)的法學(xué)院就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)回顧顯示，法律領(lǐng)域的狀況已經(jīng)滋長(zhǎng)了一段時(shí)日。這項(xiàng)回顧發(fā)現(xiàn)，過(guò)去25年里的法學(xué)院畢業(yè)生共計(jì)近140萬(wàn)人，其中有三分之二找到了需要法學(xué)博士學(xué)位的全職工作。
Even so, the ABA has provisionally approved the creation of even more law schools, includingthe University of California-Irvine School of Law and the University of Massachusetts LawSchool-Dartmouth, according to the bar association's website.
即便如此，美國(guó)律師協(xié)會(huì)仍然暫時(shí)批準(zhǔn)了更多法學(xué)院的設(shè)立。該協(xié)會(huì)的官方網(wǎng)站顯示，其中包括加利福尼亞大學(xué)歐文分校法學(xué)院(University of California-Irvine School of Law)和麻省大學(xué)法學(xué)院達(dá)特茅斯分院(University of Massachusetts Law School-Dartmouth)。
Like it or not, law schools may have to up their game if they are going to overcome theobjections of their own disgruntled graduates. Earlier this month, a judge in San Diego refusedto dismiss a lawsuit by four Thomas Jefferson School of Law graduates who claimed theyenrolled on the basis of misleading job placement data. The school will need to explain how itcame up with its numbers.
不論情愿與否，如果法學(xué)院想要壓服本校心懷不滿的畢業(yè)生發(fā)起的抗議活動(dòng)，就必須提升自己的表現(xiàn)。本月早些時(shí)候，圣地亞哥的一名法官拒絕駁回4名托馬斯杰弗遜法學(xué)院(Thomas Jefferson School of Law)畢業(yè)生的訴訟，他們?cè)V稱自己是在就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)的誤導(dǎo)下才就讀了該校。校方將需要就這些數(shù)據(jù)的出處做出解釋。
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