高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧攻略
我們可以從寫(xiě)作技巧,來(lái)提高我們高考英語(yǔ)作文的能力水平。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧,供大家參閱!
高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧
一、如何寫(xiě)出“亮點(diǎn)”
以前,英語(yǔ)作文評(píng)分的依據(jù)是根據(jù)要點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確度而定。但是從2001年起實(shí)行的高考評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),語(yǔ)言的多樣性、連貫性和得體性, 鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生嘗試語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的多樣化和復(fù)雜化。因此要寫(xiě)成一篇較有水準(zhǔn)的英語(yǔ)作文,除了要點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確度以外,還必須在語(yǔ)用、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)以及表達(dá)的多樣性和靈活性上有所表現(xiàn)。句子單一、缺乏生氣的文章,哪怕沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤也不可能得高分,相反,“有些許錯(cuò)誤,但是為了使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致”,給分檔次仍在最高檔。
那么,英語(yǔ)作文如何才能得高分呢?以下幾種手段是增加句子復(fù)雜性的常見(jiàn)方法,也是得高分的“亮點(diǎn)”:
(一)改變句子的開(kāi)頭方式,不是一味地都是主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭,接著是謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),最后再加一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)??梢园褷钫Z(yǔ)置于句首,或用分詞作狀語(yǔ)等。
試比較:
1.(原文) My brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle the other day. (修正) The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.
2.(原文) The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news. (修正) Hearing the bad news, the young man couldn’t help crying.
(二)在整篇文章中,避免只使用一兩個(gè)句式,要靈活運(yùn)用諸如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、主從復(fù)合句、分詞短語(yǔ)、倒裝句、省略句等。
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
(原文) The dog has saved my little sister bravely.
(修正) It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely.
2. 主從復(fù)合句
(原文) We had to stand there to catch the offender.
(修正) What we had to do was to stand there, trying to catch the offender.
3. 分詞短語(yǔ)、由with或without引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)
(原文) The driver escaped and didn’t stop, he left the old man lying on the road. (修正) The driver escaped without stopping, leaving the old man lying on the road.
4. 倒裝句
(原文) I went to bed at 11:30.
(修正) Not until 11:30 did I go to bed.
5. 省略句
(原文) While you are crossing the street, you should be careful.
(修正) While crossing the street, you should be careful.
(三)通過(guò)分句和合句,增強(qiáng)句子的連貫性和表現(xiàn)力。
(原文) He stopped us an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.
(修正) He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.
(原文) We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.
(修正) After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing.
(四)使用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
寫(xiě)好了每個(gè)句子,并不一定就是一篇好文章,因?yàn)樽鳛橐黄恼?還必須行文連貫。那么,如何使文章行文連貫?zāi)?這就要求我們?cè)诮M成篇章時(shí),要用好過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ),過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)就像是我們組裝機(jī)械時(shí)使用的潤(rùn)滑劑一樣,起著潤(rùn)滑的作用。
常用過(guò)渡詞
并列遞進(jìn):and, also, as well as, besides, what’s more, moreover, furthermore, etc.
轉(zhuǎn)折:but, yet, however, although, nevertheless, in spite of, after all, etc.
因果:because, as, for, since, for this reason, because of, so, therefore, thus, as a result, etc. 對(duì)比:or, otherwise, like, unlike, on the contrary, while, on the other hand, instead of, etc.
總結(jié):in all, in brief, on the whole, in short, in general, in one word, to sum up, in conclusion, etc. 總之,要使文章的層次高,可讀性強(qiáng),考生應(yīng)增加些較高級(jí)的詞匯與復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu),并運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞和復(fù)合句,只有這樣,才能在考試中取得理想的成績(jī)。
高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作高分秘訣
一般來(lái)說(shuō),寫(xiě)作題的高考評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包含評(píng)分原則、內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、給分范圍及要求、說(shuō)明和參考范文五個(gè)部分。其中內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)以及詞數(shù)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)、書(shū)寫(xiě)等方面的原則比較容易理解、操控和落實(shí)。但“評(píng)分時(shí),應(yīng)該注意的主要內(nèi)容為……應(yīng)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)量……上下文的連貫性和語(yǔ)言的得體性”等評(píng)分原則,“應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤,但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致,具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力;有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成份,使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊”等給分要求、以及“對(duì)緊扣主題的適當(dāng)發(fā)揮不予扣分”等說(shuō)明,相對(duì)比較抽象,不易捉摸。
一、 如何理解“應(yīng)用了較多的詞匯”
這里所說(shuō)的“詞匯”,可以從高級(jí)詞匯的使用、同義詞的使用、短語(yǔ)的使用等方面去理解:
(一) 高級(jí)詞匯的使用
評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔次的要求中提到,“詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤,但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致”。這里所說(shuō)的“高級(jí)詞匯”,指的是大綱中沒(méi)有列入或沒(méi)有識(shí)記要求,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中卻出現(xiàn)比較頻繁的詞匯,比如frustration, awkward, awfully, concern等詞,都可以算作是“高級(jí)詞匯”??忌裟軌蜻m當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用一些高級(jí)詞匯,定會(huì)給評(píng)卷老師留下深刻的印象。
problem.)
2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. (換作高級(jí)詞匯:The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.)
3. The question is really difficult to understand. (換作高級(jí)詞匯:The question is really confusing.)
4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. (換作高級(jí)詞匯:He had to cope with all the possible difficulties)
(二) 同義詞的使用
英語(yǔ)中有些詞的使用頻率非常高,比如interesting, clever等,在表達(dá)時(shí)大家都很喜歡用,這樣很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我們能夠使用它們相應(yīng)的同義詞,就可以做到與眾不同,給評(píng)卷者帶來(lái)清新的感覺(jué)。例如:
1. It will be very interesting. (換作同義詞:It will be a lot of fun.)
2. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.( 換作同義詞:He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.)
3. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents. (換作同義詞:Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.)
(三) 適當(dāng)利用短語(yǔ)取代單詞 1. I can’t find any way to solve the problem. (換作高級(jí)詞匯:I can’t find any solution to the
總體而言,使用短語(yǔ)的難度比單詞要大一些,因此適當(dāng)運(yùn)用短語(yǔ)更能顯出作者的功力。例如:
1. Suddenly I had a good idea. (換作短語(yǔ):Suddenly I came up with a good idea.)
2. Take a moment to see what is happening around you. (換作短語(yǔ):Take a moment to see what is going on around you.)
3. Everyone should do his or her best. (換作短語(yǔ):Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.)
二、 如何理解“應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)”
固定句式(如感嘆句、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等)、定語(yǔ)從句、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)等都屬于較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。這些
(一) 使用固定句式 結(jié)構(gòu)的正確使用,可以使文章的語(yǔ)言充滿層次感,從而較好地反映寫(xiě)作者的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。
1. She was robbed of her purse but she had no time to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.結(jié)構(gòu):
She was robbed of her purse before she could call for help.)
2. The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. (使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):Not until
(二) 使用現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.)
現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以表達(dá)伴隨、原因等狀語(yǔ),因此幾乎在任何文章中都可以用得上?,F(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以使句子的
表達(dá)更加簡(jiǎn)潔、生動(dòng),而且也使前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的銜接更加緊密。例如:
1. Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different
races or cultures. (換作現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ):Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different race or cultures.)
2. People worked together on the assembly line.(換作現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ):People worked together on the
(三) 使用定語(yǔ)從句 assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.)
定語(yǔ)從句的使用,不僅能使上下文更加流暢,也同時(shí)能充分展示寫(xiě)作者運(yùn)用較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。例如:
1. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius. (使用定語(yǔ)從句:My favorite living
writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.)
2. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about USA. (使用定語(yǔ)從句:My aunt bought
me a book, whose title is All about the USA.)
三、 如何理解“上下文的連貫性”
評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出,書(shū)面表達(dá)應(yīng)該注意“上下文的連貫性”,并能“有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成份,使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊
湊”。這里說(shuō)的連貫性,就是指通過(guò)連接詞(包括并列連詞,從屬連詞和連接性副詞)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)法成分,使兩個(gè)或多個(gè)意義相互關(guān)聯(lián)的事情或觀點(diǎn)在同一個(gè)句子內(nèi)得以表達(dá),從而使整個(gè)段落或篇章(一) 連接性副詞 渾然一體,連貫流暢。
連接性副詞也被稱為過(guò)渡詞。它們的位置一般以句首居多。連接性副詞承上啟下,能夠令讀者對(duì)后續(xù)的句子產(chǎn)
生心理上的期待和準(zhǔn)備,因此整個(gè)篇章會(huì)因它們而緊湊連貫。常見(jiàn)的連接性副詞有:also, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole等等。例如:
1. We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over. (使用連接性副詞:
We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.)
2. The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work
his way through college. (使用連接性副詞:Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does
(二) 使用從屬連詞 very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.)
常見(jiàn)的從屬連詞有after, as, when, while, as long as, as soon as等。例如:
1. You work hard and never give up. You will succeed in your studies. (使用從屬連詞:So long as
you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.)
2. The teacher came in. the students were quiet. (使用從屬連詞:The students were quiet as soon as
the teacher came in.)
四、 如何理解“語(yǔ)言的得體性”
評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求考生應(yīng)注意“語(yǔ)言得體性”,就是要求在表達(dá)時(shí)根據(jù)說(shuō)話的對(duì)象、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、場(chǎng)合等因素來(lái)選
(一) 體裁和題材對(duì)得性的要求
不同體裁和題材的文章有不同的用語(yǔ)要求。比如,書(shū)面通知中就不適合用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention, please?”等句子。這些句子只有在口頭通知中才算得體的語(yǔ)句。2003
年高考的書(shū)面表達(dá)要求“你”給一位外國(guó)朋友回信,介紹“你”幫他找的一套出租房。相當(dāng)一部分考生沒(méi)有理解“你”與說(shuō)話對(duì)象的關(guān)系,所以話語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有給對(duì)方提出異議的余地,敘述的方式和口吻上缺乏禮貌性,像“The house is very suitable for you.”等語(yǔ)句顯得相當(dāng)主觀,若改為“Do you think it is suitable for you? If not, I will try again.”就比較得體。
另外, 英語(yǔ)中還有正式語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ),書(shū)面語(yǔ)和口頭語(yǔ)之分。寫(xiě)作前,還應(yīng)該認(rèn)真分析題目的體裁,根據(jù)不同
的體裁,確定用語(yǔ)的類別。正式用語(yǔ)或書(shū)面語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)格遵循語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,所采用的單詞使用頻率不是很高,比如:permit, inform, discover, depart等詞都屬于正式用語(yǔ);而非正式用語(yǔ)或口頭用語(yǔ)則較多地 3 擇使用恰當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)言。
高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作方法
近幾年來(lái)全國(guó)英語(yǔ)高考試卷中的寫(xiě)作題目主要是:記人、敘事、寫(xiě)信、通知或看圖作文等。大多為記敘文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作是高考試題中對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)相對(duì)比較難的一題,高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作主要考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。這主要要求考生根據(jù)所給的情景和要求寫(xiě)一篇書(shū)面材料,但是,它并不是要求考生按照試題里的“提示”進(jìn)行逐句翻譯,而是要求考生在充分領(lǐng)會(huì)“提示”的前提下,用自己的語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)成一篇內(nèi)容充實(shí)、語(yǔ)言正確、句子連貫、用詞貼切的作文。在寫(xiě)作時(shí),考生應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)寫(xiě)記敘文時(shí)要有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因和結(jié)果六要素,寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候要明白清楚地寫(xiě)出來(lái)。寫(xiě)人物時(shí),要注意介紹人物的身世、經(jīng)歷和事跡等。敘事時(shí)要描寫(xiě)事情發(fā)生的經(jīng)過(guò)與發(fā)展的結(jié)果,寫(xiě)清楚事情發(fā)生的前因后果等。
(2)寫(xiě)議論文時(shí)要求考生就某一方面的問(wèn)題通過(guò)擺事實(shí)、講道理的方式來(lái)闡述自己的看法。議論文應(yīng)由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三部分構(gòu)成。
(3)高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文主要以寫(xiě)信為主。寫(xiě)英文書(shū)信要注意它們的書(shū)寫(xiě)格式,格式一定要正確。英文書(shū)信主要由6個(gè)部分組成,即:信頭、信內(nèi)地址、稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)、簽字。信的正文和寫(xiě)文章一樣,要分段落寫(xiě),每一段要有一個(gè)中心思想。在寫(xiě)作中,首先,要根據(jù)試題里的“提示”確定一個(gè)寫(xiě)作中心,再根據(jù)這個(gè)中心,列出寫(xiě)作提綱,提綱一定要包含所提供的情景要點(diǎn),同時(shí)要盡量使用自己熟悉的詞匯與句型。然后,用自己熟悉的詞匯與句型擴(kuò)展成篇。自己不熟悉的詞匯與句型能換則換,一定不要用,以免用錯(cuò)扣分。擴(kuò)展的內(nèi)容一定要緊扣主題。千萬(wàn)不要寫(xiě)那些與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。擴(kuò)展時(shí)要注意短文的字?jǐn)?shù),要寫(xiě)夠100個(gè)詞語(yǔ),以避免由于字?jǐn)?shù)不夠引起的扣分。也不要擴(kuò)展得太多,字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到要求既可,以免浪費(fèi)時(shí)間或出現(xiàn)更多的錯(cuò)誤而扣分。
那么,在最后的沖刺時(shí)間里,不管是什么類型的文章,在具體的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中,我們均可以按如下四大步驟進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練,從而提高寫(xiě)作技巧,解決問(wèn)題:
步驟一:認(rèn)真審題立意,確定寫(xiě)作中心。找出根據(jù)這個(gè)中心能夠擴(kuò)展的材料有哪些,要避免那些與中心內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)。
以命題作文“The Classmate I Admire Most”為例,文章的主題是關(guān)于記敘我最欣賞的一位同學(xué),因而就不能泛泛談?wù)撨@位同學(xué)的家庭關(guān)系、社會(huì)背景等,而要緊緊抓住這位同學(xué)身上能夠吸引你的地方展開(kāi)去。
步驟二:圍繞中心,列出寫(xiě)作提綱。提綱一定要包含所提供的情景、要點(diǎn),同時(shí)盡量使用自己熟悉的詞匯與句型。仍以“The Classmate I Admire Most”為例,提綱可以這樣寫(xiě):
① Who is the Classmate I admire most?
?、?My reasons. (Some Examples)
③ What can I learn from the classmate。
步驟三,根據(jù)字?jǐn)?shù)要求,擴(kuò)展成篇。有幾個(gè)可以遵循的規(guī)律,供大家參考:
1、在整篇文章中,努力避免只是用一、兩個(gè)句式。要靈活運(yùn)用各種句式。如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、省略句、主從復(fù)合句、對(duì)比句、分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)等。
2、使用不同長(zhǎng)度的句子,通過(guò)分句和合句,增強(qiáng)句子地連貫性和表現(xiàn)力。
3、改變句子的開(kāi)頭方式,不要一味以主、謂、賓、狀的次序,可以把狀語(yǔ)置于句首,或用分詞等。
4、學(xué)會(huì)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞。如:
?、?遞進(jìn)關(guān)系: furthermore; moreover; further; In this way ;still; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to);etc。
② 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but; even so; however; though; even though; etc。
?、?歸納總結(jié)類:in other words; on the whole; in sum; therefore; hence; in short; to sum up; in conclusion; in summary; etc。
?、?強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系:in fact; especially; particularly; moreover; naturally; what is more important; in reality; indeed; in particular; etc。
⑤ 對(duì)照(不同點(diǎn)):yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; etc。
⑥ 并列關(guān)系: and; also; as well as; either...,or...;both...and... etc。
?、?先后次序關(guān)系:at this time; first; second; at last; previously; simultaneously; last but not least; to begin with; etc。
?、?結(jié)果關(guān)系:accordingly; thus; consequently; thereupon; etc。
?、?順序關(guān)系: at the outset,following this; at this time; etc。
⑩ 重申關(guān)系:in other words; that is to say; as I have said; etc。
5、盡量避免重復(fù)使用同一單詞或詞組。
步驟四、利用最后的時(shí)間做“機(jī)械性”寫(xiě)作練習(xí),強(qiáng)化記憶。例如:常用的應(yīng)用文如通知、書(shū)信等都有其固定的格式及寫(xiě)作技巧,讀懂具體內(nèi)容,然后把內(nèi)容套進(jìn)特定的格式中去,就是一篇條理清楚的書(shū)面表達(dá)了。比方說(shuō):通知要掌握:
?、偻ㄖ膶?duì)象、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間及要做的事情;
?、谝⒁獾氖马?xiàng);
?、蹖?xiě)上“Don’t be late”或“Be on time”(口頭通知前還要寫(xiě)上Boys and girls或Ladies and gentlemen,may I have your attention, please?等一類句子)。
例如:
Class 1 and Class 2 are going to plant trees on Western Hills. We’ll take a bus to go there. Please bring lunch and water with you. Remember to wear old clothes as we’ll do a lot of hard work. We’ll meet in front of the school gate at nine o’clock. Don’t be late。
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