閱讀英語(yǔ)優(yōu)美文摘
閱讀英語(yǔ)優(yōu)美文摘
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聽診器是怎么發(fā)明出來(lái)的?
How Was The Stethoscope Invented?
聽診器是怎么發(fā)明出來(lái)的?
In the early 1800s, a French physician named René Laennec had a dilemma. He needed to listen to the heart sounds of a young woman with signs of heart disease. But the only method of listening to heart sounds known to Western medicine at the time was simply to press an ear to the patient’s chest. Laennec just couldn’t bring himself to get that close and personal with this ample young woman.
在19世紀(jì)初，一位法國(guó)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生雷納-萊納克遇到了一個(gè)難題。在為一位有心臟病跡象的年輕女性看病時(shí)，雷奈克需要聽到她的心跳聲才能確診。但當(dāng)時(shí)西醫(yī)界已知的聽診方法只是簡(jiǎn)單地將耳朵貼近患者的胸部來(lái)判斷心跳聲。但萊納克并不想與這位年輕女士太過(guò)接近。
How could he make a diagnosis?
那么他如何診斷呢?
The story goes that Laennec grabbed a piece of paper and rolled it into a cylinder. With the cylinder between his ear and the young woman’s chest, Laennec saved himself and his patient from embarrassment. But he was also surprised to find that the heart sounds conducted through the cylinder were louder and clearer than he’d ever heard before.
故事的結(jié)局是萊納克隨后拿了張紙卷成圓筒狀。他將這一紙質(zhì)圓筒置于他的耳朵和患者的胸部之間，使得兩人都免于了尷尬。但與此同時(shí)，他驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)紙質(zhì)圓筒傳出的心跳聲相較以往聽到的更為響亮清晰。
Laennec named his invention the stethoscope, from the Greek words for “chest” and “to view,” because it opened a new window into what was happening in the heart and lungs.
萊納克將這一發(fā)明命名為聽診器，這一名稱取自希臘語(yǔ)中的“胸部”及“觀察”兩個(gè)詞，因?yàn)檫@一發(fā)明為心肺診斷技術(shù)開辟了一種新的方法。
After experimenting with different materials, Laennec decided that wood cylinders conducted sound best. He spent the rest of his life interpreting heart and lung sounds, conducting autopsies when possible to confirm the diagnoses he’d made by sound.
通過(guò)對(duì)不同材質(zhì)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)后，萊納克認(rèn)為木質(zhì)圓筒作為聽診器的效果最佳。他將余生致力于研究心肺聽診，并通過(guò)尸檢來(lái)驗(yàn)證他此前通過(guò)聽診所下的診斷。
Although the stethoscope revolutionized Western medicine, it met with great resistance at first. In the 1820s, many physicians felt that listening through the cylinder would be too time consuming, inconvenient, and well, even silly! But soon the value of Laennec’s modest invention became clear. And today, the stethoscope is a nearly universal symbol of medicine and health care.
盡管聽診器徹底改革了西醫(yī)診斷方法，但它最初推廣使用時(shí)也遭遇了極大的阻力。19世紀(jì)20年代，許多醫(yī)生認(rèn)為通過(guò)圓筒聽診太費(fèi)時(shí)又不方便，甚至很愚蠢!但不久之后，萊納克這項(xiàng)頗為實(shí)用的發(fā)明的價(jià)值逐漸顯現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)今，聽診器已成為醫(yī)學(xué)保健普遍的象征。
格陵蘭島人是怎樣學(xué)會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)的?
How People In Greenland Learn How To Count
格陵蘭島人是怎樣學(xué)會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)的?
Kids learn to count on their fingers, because they’re so, well, handy! And it makes sense–most number systems originally developed as people counted using their fingers.
小孩通過(guò)數(shù)手指來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)數(shù)，因?yàn)檫@樣確實(shí)非常方便。由此，最初的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)是從人們以手指計(jì)數(shù)發(fā)展而來(lái)也就變得合乎情理了。
The counting system of native Greenlanders not only uses all ten fingers, but all ten toes as well! Here’s how it works. The Greenlandic word for the number seven translates as, “second hand, two.” That means you count five on the first hand and add two from the second, to make seven. After you run out of fingers, go for the toes. Thirteen translates as “first foot, three.” That means you add all ten fingers plus three toes.
古代格陵蘭島人的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)不僅要用到十個(gè)手指，甚至連十個(gè)腳趾都用上了!以下就是這種計(jì)數(shù)方式的工作原理。格陵蘭語(yǔ)中，數(shù)字7翻譯出來(lái)就是“第二只手，兩 根手指。”意思是說(shuō)你數(shù)完第一只手的五個(gè)手指，再加上第二只手的兩根手指得到數(shù)字七。如果手指不夠用，那就再用腳趾。數(shù)字13翻譯出來(lái)是“第一只腳，三只 腳趾。”說(shuō)明你數(shù)完了所有十個(gè)手指，再數(shù)三個(gè)腳趾就得到數(shù)字十三。
The counting system we use has a base of ten. Larger numbers are simply multiples of ten. For example, ten tens make one hundred. We’re so used to our base ten system that it may seem like the only possibility. But the Greenlandic number system has a base of twenty, and others have a base of five. Of all the number systems ever invented, five, ten, and twenty are the most common bases.
我們使用的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)是十進(jìn)制的。較大的數(shù)字就是用10來(lái)倍乘。比如，10個(gè)10就是100.我們非常習(xí)慣使用十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)，以至于認(rèn)為世上只有這一種計(jì)數(shù)系 統(tǒng)。但是格陵蘭島的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)是二十進(jìn)制的，也有一些地方采用五進(jìn)制。在所有發(fā)明的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)中，五進(jìn)制、十進(jìn)制和二十進(jìn)制是最為常見的。
It’s no coincidence that these bases match the number of fingers on one hand, or two hands, or all of our fingers and toes. The connection between fingers and counting is so close that several languages have just one word that means both “hand” and the number five. Even in English, the word digit describes either a number or a finger. So if anyone teases you for counting on your fingers, just tell them you find your digits quite handy!
這些計(jì)數(shù)的基數(shù)和我們的一只手的手指數(shù)、兩只手的手指數(shù)，以及所有的手指和腳趾的數(shù)目吻合并非巧合。手指和計(jì)數(shù)之間的聯(lián)系如此緊密以至于很多語(yǔ)言里都只有 一個(gè)詞用來(lái)同時(shí)表示“手”和數(shù)字“五”。甚至在英語(yǔ)里也有這樣的情況，單詞digit既可表示數(shù)字也可表示手指。因此，如果有人因?yàn)槟阌檬种笖?shù)數(shù)而取笑你 的話，你只需告訴他你覺(jué)得使用手指計(jì)算很方便就行了!
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