閱讀的英文優(yōu)美的文摘
閱讀的英文優(yōu)美的文摘
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后窗玻璃上雨滴的物理現(xiàn)象
The Physics Of Rain On The Rear Window
后窗玻璃上雨滴的物理現(xiàn)象
The next time you’re driving during a rain shower, glance back at the rear window. You’ll notice that while raindrops batter the front windshield, they seem to avoid the back window as long as the car is moving. How is that possible?
下一次下陣雨而你在開車的時(shí)候，看一看后窗玻璃。你會(huì)注意到在汽車行駛的過(guò)程中，雨滴會(huì)連續(xù)打擊到前面的擋風(fēng)玻璃上，但是后窗玻璃上則不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的現(xiàn)象。是什么導(dǎo)致這樣的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生呢?
When a car is moving at normal highway speed, air flows around it, from front to back. Since air can not go through the glass, when it hits the front window it suddenly changes direction and travels up and over the windshield. A raindrop, however, which is denser than air, falls from the sky with enough velocity so that it cannot be swept up and over the glass by the wind.
一輛汽車以正常的速度在高速公路上行駛時(shí)，空氣漂浮在它周圍并且從前往后流動(dòng)。因?yàn)榭諝獠⒉荒艽┻^(guò)玻璃，當(dāng)它撞擊到前方的玻璃上時(shí)，它的方向會(huì)發(fā)生改變， 它會(huì)沿?fù)躏L(fēng)玻璃往上運(yùn)動(dòng)。然而，由于雨滴的密度比空氣大，加之它以足夠的速度從天空中滴落下來(lái)，所以不會(huì)被吹過(guò)玻璃的風(fēng)清除掉。
When raindrops approach the front windshield, they are too heavy and are going too fast to suddenly change direction and be swept up and away from the glass. Instead they burst through the wind stream and hit the windshield.
當(dāng)雨滴到達(dá)前面的擋風(fēng)玻璃時(shí)，它們太重并且速度太快以至于不能夠突然改變方向，也就不會(huì)被清除掉了。相反，它們沖破流風(fēng)，打在擋風(fēng)玻璃上。
Raindrops do tend to miss the back window, however. Wind passing over the rear of the car is accelerated on a downward angle, flowing parallel to and just above the rear window. In this case the velocity of the falling raindrops carries them into the downward flow of the wind, where they skim over the surface of the window without touching it.
然而，雨滴卻不會(huì)打到后窗玻璃上。風(fēng)通過(guò)后窗玻璃時(shí)會(huì)加速往下并在后窗上方平行流動(dòng)。在這種情況下，落下的雨滴的速度將它們帶入向下流動(dòng)的風(fēng)中，于是它們就會(huì)掠過(guò)窗戶表面而不會(huì)碰到它。
Because the wind is flowing down instead of up, the rain does not have to change direction when it encounters the wind stream. Although the raindrops are still heavier than air, the fact that the wind and rain flow in the same direction enables the wind to sweep the rain away from the window.
因?yàn)轱L(fēng)是往下而不是往上流動(dòng)，所以當(dāng)雨滴碰到流風(fēng)時(shí)，它們不需要改變方向。雖然雨滴還是會(huì)比空氣重，但是風(fēng)和雨滴運(yùn)動(dòng)方向一致使得風(fēng)將雨滴吹離玻璃。
冰塊是如何使飲料冷卻的?
How Does Ice Cool Drinks?
冰塊是如何使飲料冷卻的?
Here’s something we tend to take for granted: drop a few ice cubes into a glass of water at room temperature, and in a few minutes the water will cool. How does this work?
有件事情我們總覺(jué)得理所當(dāng)然：室溫下把一些冰塊放入水中，過(guò)幾分鐘水就會(huì)變涼。但這到底是什么原理呢?
Heat is a measure of molecular activity: the faster a thing’s molecules move, the more heat that substance contains. And because everything is made of molecules, and molecules are in constant motion, everything contains at least some heat.
熱量是衡量分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的一個(gè)指標(biāo)：一個(gè)物體分子的移動(dòng)越快，物體所包含的熱量就越多。由于一切物體都由分子組成且分子總在不斷地運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以每個(gè)物體或多或少都包含著一些熱量。
我們都知道，冰的溫度要比溫水低。由于冰分子移動(dòng)緩慢且相互連結(jié)得十分緊密，因此它們產(chǎn)生的熱量相對(duì)較少。如果把冰塊放入一杯分子移動(dòng)較快的水中，冰塊就會(huì)開始吸收熱量，這是由于熱量總是會(huì)從高溫地帶轉(zhuǎn)移到低溫地帶，從而使溫度均衡。也就是說(shuō)，冰塊從水中吸收熱量。
水分子在失去熱量后運(yùn)動(dòng)減慢，繼而水溫降低。這可能跟我們所想的恰恰相反：當(dāng)我們把冰放入水中，冰不會(huì)把自己的低溫傳給水，而是從水中吸收熱量。
As we know, ice is colder than room temperature water. Because ice molecules move slowly and cluster tightly together, they produce a relatively low amount of heat. When ice is placed in a glass of water whose molecules are moving at a greater rate, the ice begins to absorb energy, because heat always travels from regions of relative warmth to colder areas in order to equalize temperatures. In other words, ice absorbs heat from the water.
熱量是衡量分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的一個(gè)指標(biāo)：一個(gè)物體分子的移動(dòng)越快，物體所包含的熱量就越多。由于一切物體都由分子組成且分子總在不斷地運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以每個(gè)物體或多或少都包含著一些熱量。
我們都知道，冰的溫度要比溫水低。由于冰分子移動(dòng)緩慢且相互連結(jié)得十分緊密，因此它們產(chǎn)生的熱量相對(duì)較少。如果把冰塊放入一杯分子移動(dòng)較快的水中，冰塊就會(huì)開始吸收熱量，這是由于熱量總是會(huì)從高溫地帶轉(zhuǎn)移到低溫地帶，從而使溫度均衡。也就是說(shuō)，冰塊從水中吸收熱量。
水分子在失去熱量后運(yùn)動(dòng)減慢，繼而水溫降低。這可能跟我們所想的恰恰相反：當(dāng)我們把冰放入水中，冰不會(huì)把自己的低溫傳給水，而是從水中吸收熱量。
As the water molecules lose energy, they begin to slow down, and consequently to cool. So, it’s kind of the opposite of what we might think: when we put ice in water, the ice doesn’t give its cold to the water, it takes heat from the water.
The cooling process actually happens in stages. Because ice floats, it cools the water near the top of the glass first. As the top layer of water cools, its density increases, causing it to sink to the bottom. The lower layer, less dense and therefore more buoyant, floats to the top and is cooled in turn.
這個(gè)冷卻過(guò)程實(shí)際上是分階段進(jìn)行的。由于冰塊會(huì)浮在水面上，所以最上層的水會(huì)先變涼。上層的水冷卻后，它的密度會(huì)增大，上層的水會(huì)往下沉。而下層的水由于密度較小于是會(huì)上浮，進(jìn)而又被冷卻，依次循環(huán)下去。
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