托福TPO3閱讀真題Part1原文及答案參考
托福TPO是我們托福閱讀的重要參考資料，為了方便大家備考，下面小編給大家整理了托福TPO3閱讀真題Part1原文及答案參考，希望大家喜歡。
托福TPO3閱讀真題原文：Part1
Architecture
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
Paragraph 1: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
托福TPO3閱讀真題Part1題目
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
○Architecture is visual art.
○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.
○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
Paragraph 2: Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
2.The word "feasible" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○in existence
○without question
○achievable
○most likely
3. The word "enhance" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○protect
○improve
○organize
○match
Paragraph 3: In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.
○B(yǎng)uilding materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.
○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
5. The word "devised" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○combined
○created
○introduced
○suggested
Paragraph 4: Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
6. The word "integral" is closest in meaning to
○essential
○variable
○practical
○independent
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?
○B(yǎng)ecause new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
○The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
○The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
○Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
8. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
○They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
Paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
9. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?
○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.
○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.
Paragraph 6: Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
10. The word "arduous" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○difficult
○necessary
○skilled
○shared
11. Why does the author include a description of how the "doorways and windows" of Machu Picchu were constructed?
○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures
○To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu
○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented
○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone
12.According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
○The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.
○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
Paragraph 5: █Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. █
13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.
○Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.
○Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct "organ" systems in order to function.
○B(yǎng)oth clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.
○Modern buildings tend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of Machu Picchu.
○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.
托福TPO3閱讀真題答案：Part1
參考答案：
1. ○ 4
2. ○ 3
3. ○2
4. ○ 4
5. ○ 2
6. ○ 1
7. ○ 2
8. ○ 3
9. ○ 4
10. ○ 1
11. ○ 3
12. ○ 2
13. ○ 4
14. Architects seek to create…
Over the course of the…
The discovery and use of…
托福TPO3閱讀Part1參考翻譯
建筑
建筑是一門出于實用和象征的雙重目的，通過組織和利用空間來實現(xiàn)設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)的藝術(shù)和科學。。因為建筑源于人類的需求和愿望，同樣也可以清楚地傳達文化價值。在所有的視覺藝術(shù)中，建筑最直接地影響了我們的生活，因為它在很多方面決定了我們生存的環(huán)境特征。
建筑是一種利用空間、質(zhì)量、紋理、線條、光線和顏色的三維立體形式。一幢建筑物必須實現(xiàn)各種要素的和諧搭配。人類本能地希望可以提供居住并且改善他們生活質(zhì)量的建筑。建筑師們創(chuàng)造出來的建筑物不單純的是建筑物，還為人們帶來了靈感和喜悅。建筑物為人類的生活提供了遮蔽處和豐富的空間、增加人們的活動場所、完善人們的居所、幫助人們適應(yīng)氣候的變化，同時在經(jīng)濟上也可承受。建筑團隊中，最重要的是那些為建筑支付建設(shè)費用并且設(shè)計其功能的人，許多當代建筑平庸的根源在于客戶和建筑師雙反。
為了達到建筑的目的，一定的大小和強度是必須的。盡管建筑材料已經(jīng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化，建筑采用的各種支撐方法自從人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們以來鮮有改變，因為這些方法都建立在物理定律的基礎(chǔ)上。世界的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)也因為克服材料限制的目的而發(fā)展起來。建筑師們在設(shè)計建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的時候需要將重力對材料的影響考慮在內(nèi)，通過結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計使建筑不同部分能抵抗壓力、拉力、彎曲力或混合的壓力。
甚至建筑的發(fā)展也是由重大的技術(shù)變革造成的。材料和建設(shè)方法是建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計整體的組成部分。早期，人們必須設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)來配合當前可用的材料，如木頭、石頭和磚?，F(xiàn)今的技術(shù)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到能夠創(chuàng)造新的建筑材料來適應(yīng)想要應(yīng)用的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。近幾代建筑材料和科技的巨大變化使得包圍空間更加簡單、快速，并且用更少的材料。在這一領(lǐng)域的進步可以用現(xiàn)在修建的建筑和100年前建造的同規(guī)模建筑之間的重量差異來衡量。
類似人類的身體結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)代建筑可以劃分為三個獨立的部分：支撐骨架或框架、圍住內(nèi)部空間的外殼以及像人體內(nèi)器官一樣重要的設(shè)施。這些設(shè)施包括管道、電線、熱水和空調(diào)。當然，在早期的圓頂建筑和土坯建筑中并沒有這樣的設(shè)施，皮膚和骨骼也往往是合在一起的。
世界上大多數(shù)偉大的建筑都是石料建筑，因為石料建筑不僅外形漂亮、持久耐用，而且石頭隨處可得。在過去，整個城市的建筑物都是從艱苦的石塊切割和堆砌發(fā)展起來的。在秘魯安第斯山脈東部的馬丘比丘印加古城遺址，可以看到世界上最棒的石質(zhì)建筑。在開闊的空間上放置厚石板來支撐上面的石頭，使門和窗的修建成為可能。設(shè)計師們必須在克服石頭的物理限制以及新建筑形式發(fā)展之前發(fā)明出建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，這就是拱形結(jié)構(gòu)，即最初由分段的石頭或磚塊構(gòu)成的弧形結(jié)構(gòu)。拱最初在地中海早期文化中用來建設(shè)地下水渠，但古羅馬人最先開發(fā)和廣泛的利用它作為地上建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)，他們完善了由分段的石塊組成的半圓形拱。作為跨越空間的一種方式，拱可以比水平橫梁支撐更大的重量。它使得其上的壓力轉(zhuǎn)移到兩側(cè)，由兩側(cè)垂直的部分來承擔壓力。拱形結(jié)構(gòu)只是近百年來眾多重要建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的突破之一。
托福TPO3閱讀真題Part1原文及答案參考相關(guān)文章：
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托福TPO3閱讀真題Part1原文及答案參考
