托福閱讀話題高頻和難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容
托福閱讀考試中,面對(duì)一些高頻的話題文章,大家應(yīng)該清晰具體的分類(lèi),以及對(duì)應(yīng)的考試難點(diǎn)。通過(guò)對(duì)這些內(nèi)容的整理,讓我們更深入的了解閱讀文章,做好相關(guān)的復(fù)習(xí)備考。因此下面小編為大家整理了詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容,供大家參考!
托福閱讀話題高頻和難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容
生物習(xí)性類(lèi)話題
首先要為大家分析的是托福閱讀中最為高頻,幾乎每場(chǎng)考試都必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)的生物習(xí)性類(lèi)話題,這類(lèi)話題主要涉及的是動(dòng)植物類(lèi)有關(guān)的主題,當(dāng)然動(dòng)物類(lèi)主題數(shù)量會(huì)更多一些。這些話題的內(nèi)容基本都是圍繞介紹動(dòng)物的某類(lèi)特點(diǎn)習(xí)性來(lái)展開(kāi)的,因此其文章主題會(huì)非常明確,比如鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的叫聲、雄性動(dòng)物的求偶行為、特定動(dòng)物的交流方式、魚(yú)類(lèi)的洄游特性等等??偠灾【幭嘈糯蠹以谄綍r(shí)做練習(xí)時(shí)也會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到生物習(xí)性類(lèi)話題,大家要做的除了看懂文章做題以外,盡可能多的收集一些涉及生物學(xué)的專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)詞匯是很有必要的。當(dāng)然,一些常見(jiàn)的生物學(xué)詞匯不需要大家背得滾瓜爛熟,只要能看到詞匯想起大概的意思,能夠有助閱讀理解就足夠了。
古代文明話題
古代文明及其歷史發(fā)展也是ETS非常喜歡的一類(lèi)話題,特別是涉及到歐洲古文明的內(nèi)容更是托福閱讀的心頭好,比如比較有名的羅馬文化、希臘文化就是相當(dāng)熱門(mén)的話題。當(dāng)然,大家不要覺(jué)得自己對(duì)這些文化內(nèi)容略知一二就能放松警惕,實(shí)際上但凡涉及這類(lèi)話題的文章,其知識(shí)點(diǎn)的挖掘都是比較有深度的,很可能出現(xiàn)一些非常古怪讓大家不明覺(jué)厲的術(shù)語(yǔ),而小編也希望大家能夠加深對(duì)這類(lèi)文章背景知識(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解,為之后考試提前做好準(zhǔn)備。
工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展類(lèi)話題
接下里要說(shuō)的是同屬于歷史類(lèi)話題范疇下的工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展類(lèi)話題,這類(lèi)話題本身就比較冷門(mén),相信平時(shí)會(huì)關(guān)注這方面內(nèi)容的同學(xué)并不會(huì)太多。即便有喜歡研究歷史的同學(xué)可能也更愿意了解歷史名人事跡,對(duì)于工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展這種一聽(tīng)就有些枯燥乏味的內(nèi)容大家可能不會(huì)太關(guān)心。而這類(lèi)話題中比較常見(jiàn)的主題有英國(guó)工業(yè)革命以及美國(guó)工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展等等,其特點(diǎn)是文章內(nèi)會(huì)包含大量的細(xì)節(jié)信息,考生在閱讀時(shí)請(qǐng)注意多加留意勤做記錄,確保答題不會(huì)出現(xiàn)遺漏。
天文地理類(lèi)話題
天文地理類(lèi)話題也算是比較傳統(tǒng)的一個(gè)高頻話題類(lèi)型了。這類(lèi)話題從宇宙中的各種現(xiàn)象和常識(shí),到地球上的環(huán)境變化自然災(zāi)害等等幾乎無(wú)所不包。而考慮到其涉及的話題內(nèi)容大家日常關(guān)注的會(huì)比較少,但又因?yàn)楦黝?lèi)經(jīng)常刷屏的天文地理方面的新發(fā)現(xiàn)而對(duì)不少詞匯一知半解,所以其文章內(nèi)容會(huì)有較大的概率出現(xiàn)一些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的天文地理信息相關(guān)話題。因此小編建議大家如果平時(shí)看新聞時(shí)又看到了這方面的新發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)容,及時(shí)去了解一些相關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)詞匯保留一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)印象,也許到了考試中會(huì)有額外的收獲。
恐龍滅絕類(lèi)話題
最后這一類(lèi)話題可以說(shuō)是不少同學(xué)比較頭疼的話題了??铸垳缃^話題一直是ETS比較喜歡的一個(gè)話題,圍繞這個(gè)話題展開(kāi)的主題一般分為兩類(lèi),一類(lèi)涉及到比較具體的某種特定恐龍的滅絕原因,另一種則是對(duì)恐龍滅絕現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行整體性的原因探索。其難點(diǎn)主要也有兩個(gè),一個(gè)是許多恐龍的名稱(chēng)是在我們看來(lái)非常怪異的術(shù)語(yǔ)詞匯,考生面對(duì)這類(lèi)詞匯基本上都是看不懂這是什么龍的,因此大家需要習(xí)慣直接無(wú)視其術(shù)語(yǔ)名字來(lái)看文章做題。另一個(gè)難點(diǎn)則在于這類(lèi)話題經(jīng)常和天文地理知識(shí)穿插在一起,比如氣候變化、隕石撞擊以及地貌改變等等,這種混合話題的文章術(shù)語(yǔ)更多,難度也往往更大一些,大家需要提前做好準(zhǔn)備。
托福閱讀材料:文化背景決定工作理念
在許多企業(yè)文化中,“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”被視為非常重要的組成部分,優(yōu)秀的“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”精神也被視為一個(gè)好員工必須具備的。而不同的人對(duì)于“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的看法和期望又是由什么決定的呢?
一篇文章稱(chēng),在不同文化生活的人對(duì)工作的理解也不一樣。例如,人們對(duì)“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”就有不同的期望。
A new article in a special section on Culture and Psychology in Perspectives on Psychological Science, a journal of the Associationfor Psychological Science, explains that people in different cultures think about work in different ways.
日前,一篇刊登在美國(guó)心理科學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)的學(xué)術(shù)期刊《心理科學(xué)視角》文化與心理版塊的文章稱(chēng),在不同文化生活的人對(duì)工作的理解也不一樣。
For example, people have different expectations about teamwork, says Cristina B. Gibson, of the University of Western Australia.
例如,人們對(duì)“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”就有不同的期望,西澳大學(xué)教授克里斯蒂娜-B-吉布森說(shuō)道。
Gibson has interviewed people to understand how they conceptualizeteams. “In the US, people used a lot of sports metaphors. Elsewhere, that just wasn't a common metaphor.” In Latin America, for example, many people talked about the work team as a family.
吉布森調(diào)查了人們對(duì)于“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”這一概念的認(rèn)識(shí)?!霸诿绹?guó),人們使用很多體育方面的比喻。而在其他地方就不是一個(gè)普通的比喻了?!崩缭诶∶乐?,很多人把“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”看做是一個(gè)“家”。
“If you just use those two contrasts and think about what you might expect from your family versus what you might expect from your sports team, you start to see the differences.” Families are involved in all parts of your life, and are expected to celebrate with you socially.“Your involvementin your sports team is more limited. Less caretaking, more competitive.”
“如果你對(duì)比這兩種認(rèn)識(shí),想想你能從家庭看到什么以及能從體育團(tuán)隊(duì)看到什么,就會(huì)看出差別來(lái)?!薄凹摇鄙婕澳闵畹姆椒矫婷?,并且就社會(huì)層面上與你共享成功的喜悅?!岸阍隗w育團(tuán)隊(duì)中的參與度是有限的。關(guān)愛(ài)更少,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更多?!?/p>
Another example is in the realm of leadership. Many people assume that charismaticleadership is a good thing - using a strong personality to inspire loyalty in others. But that's not going to work for everyone, Gibson says. “The very same behaviors that are deemed desirablefrom a leader in one culture might be viewed as interference or micromanagementin other settings.”
另外一個(gè)例子便是人們對(duì)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”的理解。許多人認(rèn)為有魅力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)是件好事——用人格魅力激發(fā)員工的忠誠(chéng)。但吉布森稱(chēng)這并不對(duì)每個(gè)人都管用?!巴瑯拥男袨?,在一種文化中被看做是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的必備素質(zhì),在另一種文化中卻成了干涉或是微觀管理。”
And as this research continues, she says, people should consider that cultures can vary a lot within countries, too, especially as large numbers of people continue to migrate between countries. “We can’t make these assumptions that everybody in the US is like this and everybody in China is like that.”
吉布森還稱(chēng),隨著研究的進(jìn)行,尤其是隨著龐大數(shù)目的移民持續(xù)在國(guó)家間流動(dòng),人們需要意識(shí)到一國(guó)內(nèi)部文化的多元性?!拔覀儾荒芗僭O(shè)在美國(guó)的所有人都是這樣的,或者假設(shè)中國(guó)的所有人全都是那樣的?!?/p>
托福閱讀材料:2012世界末日將延后
瑪雅人預(yù)言2012年將成為世界末日,而《2012》電影和近年來(lái)全球頻繁的各種災(zāi)害讓人們不得不擔(dān)心這個(gè)預(yù)言是不是真的即將成真,但有些學(xué)者偏不信邪,他們的研究認(rèn)為“原定末日”將延后。
A recent research has showed that the mythological date of the "end of days" may be off by 50 to 100 years.
一項(xiàng)最新研究顯示,具有神話色彩的世界末日的日期可能要向后推遲50年到100年。
To convert the ancient Mayan calendar to the Gregorian (or modern) calendar, scholars use a numerical value (called the GMT). But Gerardo Aldana, a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, says the data supporting the widely-adopted conversion factor may be invalid.
學(xué)者們通常是借助一個(gè)被稱(chēng)為“GMT常量”的數(shù)值,將古瑪雅歷法轉(zhuǎn)換成公歷(現(xiàn)代歷法)。不過(guò)美國(guó)加州大學(xué)圣巴巴拉分校格拉爾多·阿爾達(dá)納教授對(duì)此表示質(zhì)疑,他說(shuō)支持廣泛采用的歷法轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)值可能是無(wú)效的。
In a chapter in the book "Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World," Aldana casts doubt on the accuracy of the Mayan calendar correlation, saying that the 2012 prophecy as well as other dates may be off.
格拉爾多在其著作《歷法與紀(jì)年II——遠(yuǎn)古與中世紀(jì)世界天文與時(shí)間》中,質(zhì)疑瑪雅歷法的準(zhǔn)確性,他說(shuō)2012年世界末日的日期以及其他相關(guān)日期可能都會(huì)有所延遲。
The GMT constant, named for early Mayan scholars Joseph Goodman, Juan Martinez-Hernandez and J. Eric S. Thompson, is partly based on astronomical events. Those early Mayanists relied heavily on dates found in colonial documents written in Mayan languages and recorded in the Latin alphabet.
“GMT常量”是為了紀(jì)念早期三位研究瑪雅文化的著名學(xué)者約瑟夫·古德曼、胡安·馬丁斯·埃爾南德斯和J艾瑞克S 湯普森而命名,“GMT常量”部分是基于天文學(xué)事件。這些早期的瑪雅文化學(xué)者在很大程度上依賴(lài)殖民檔案文件中數(shù)據(jù),這些數(shù)據(jù)是用瑪雅文字書(shū)寫(xiě)和拉丁字母記錄的。
A later scholar, American linguist and anthropologist Floyd Lounsbury, further supported the GMT constant.
However, Aldana found weaknesses in Lounsbury's work that cause the argument behind the GMT constant to fall "like a stack of cards."
后來(lái)一位學(xué)者、美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家和人類(lèi)學(xué)家弗洛伊德 勞恩斯伯里進(jìn)一步支持“GMT常量”。
但是,阿爾達(dá)納發(fā)現(xiàn)勞恩斯伯里工作中的錯(cuò)誤,這些錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致了人們對(duì)“GMT常量”的質(zhì)疑,就像是“一堆卡片”轟然倒塌。
"This may not seem to be much, but what it does is destabilize the entire argument," Aldana said, "A few scholars have stood up and said, ‘No, the GMT is wrong.' But in my opinion, what they've done is try to provide alternatives
without looking at why the GMT is wrong in the first place."
阿爾達(dá)納說(shuō):“(錯(cuò)誤)可能看起來(lái)并不是太多,但是它們的確破壞了整個(gè)論證。一些學(xué)者站起來(lái)說(shuō)?!堑?,GMT常量是錯(cuò)誤的?!?,在我看來(lái),他們所作的就是尋求代替方法,但是并沒(méi)有去探究為什么GMT常量在最初的時(shí)候就是錯(cuò)誤的?!?/p>
托福閱讀材料:說(shuō)謊會(huì)影響你的健康
從小父母和老師就教育我們不要撒謊,但是撒謊的后果會(huì)影響到我們的身體健康或許大多數(shù)人都沒(méi)想過(guò)。下面的新托??荚囬喿x練習(xí)材料要說(shuō)的就是說(shuō)謊對(duì)我們健康的影響有哪些。
In The Dilemma, Vince Vaughn’s character is keeping a huge secret from his best friend: His wife is cheating on him. Vaughn’s “dilemma,” of course, is whether or not to tell his buddy. But, he may not know he’s also putting himself in harm’s way by lying to his friend. Guilt is just the beginning.
在影片《進(jìn)退兩難》中,文斯沃恩飾演的角色進(jìn)退兩難的是:該不該告訴自己的好朋友,好朋友妻子給他戴綠帽子的事情。殊不知,對(duì)好友隱瞞真相的同時(shí),也給自己的健康帶來(lái)隱患。內(nèi)疚只是個(gè)開(kāi)始。
Along with guilt, people who lie, omit the truth or keep a secret are at risk for some not-so-pleasant health complications. For starters, lying releases stress hormones – the same ones that are triggered in what’s called your “Fight or Flight Response,” This increase in stress hormones causes your heart rate and breathing to increase, digestion to slow down, and hypersensitivity of muscle and nerve fibers,” she says.
除了內(nèi)疚,撒謊的人隱瞞真相可能令人不快的健康并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。撒謊的時(shí)候,體內(nèi)會(huì)釋放壓力荷爾蒙,而壓力荷爾蒙會(huì)誘發(fā)“或戰(zhàn)或逃”反應(yīng)。增加的壓力荷爾蒙會(huì)影響心率和呼吸的加快,消化減慢,肌肉和神經(jīng)纖維高度緊張。
These affects may not sound that serious, but over time, they can lead to conditions that no one would want, such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure. Why? Because blood pressure rises in the heart when you’re lying, “which can be life threatening over a prolonged period of time,” says Dr. Smith. (This is why Polygram or lie detector tests accurately test for lying, because they measure jumps in blood pressure).
這些影響聽(tīng)起來(lái)似乎還不嚴(yán)重,但是,天長(zhǎng)日久,會(huì)導(dǎo)致出乎意料的后果:冠心病、中風(fēng)、充血性心力衰竭。為什么?因?yàn)槿鲋e時(shí),血壓會(huì)升高。撒謊成習(xí)可能威脅生命。這也是多項(xiàng)描記圖和測(cè)謊儀能測(cè)試出人是否撒謊,因?yàn)槿鲋e時(shí),人的血壓會(huì)升高。
Frequent truth telling made lying more difficult, and frequent lying made lying easier.” 老實(shí)人很難撒謊,常撒謊的人說(shuō)謊容易。
Those who lie on a daily basis or have been keeping a big secret for years may find it easy to do so over time, but they’re significantly more at risk for these negative health affects than others. Along with complications from high blood pressure, chronic liars may also develop the same diseases associated with chronic stress, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Those certainly got your attention, right?
對(duì)于那些把撒謊當(dāng)家常便飯或常年來(lái)對(duì)某個(gè)重要秘密守口如瓶的人來(lái)說(shuō),撒謊再容易不過(guò)了。但是,他們不利健康的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯比其他人高。除了高血壓類(lèi)的并發(fā)癥,撒謊成習(xí)的人可能患因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期壓力導(dǎo)致的相關(guān)疾病,比如癌癥、糖尿病、心臟病?,F(xiàn)在,你還能忽視撒謊嗎?
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