2020年托福閱讀題型分析
為了幫助大家備考托福，今天，小編將為備戰(zhàn)托福閱讀的同學(xué)們就八個(gè)堪稱經(jīng)典的托福閱讀題型帶來一番詳細(xì)介紹，還請(qǐng)備考生們能夠仔細(xì)閱讀哦!
2020年托福閱讀題型分析
1.文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題
這是托福閱讀考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的題目。顧名思義，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，考察的是對(duì)文章主旨和段落主旨的把握。正確選項(xiàng)是一些總結(jié)性的選項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：與原文不符，原文沒有提到，或者是次要信息。次要信息也就是文中提到的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)性的信息，次要信息的選項(xiàng)具有極大的干擾，同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí)應(yīng)注意識(shí)別。那么文章主旨和段落主旨怎么判斷呢，我們可以結(jié)合文章標(biāo)題和題目的引導(dǎo)句來判斷文章主旨，段落主旨可以直接看段首句，段首句通常是段落的主旨句。非常重要的一點(diǎn)是，我們要充分利用前面做過的題目。我們?cè)谇懊娴淖鲱}中已經(jīng)對(duì)各個(gè)段落的主旨有了一個(gè)大致的了解。此題目在托福閱讀中很好拿分。
2.句子簡(jiǎn)化題
這種題型的主要考查目的是：考查考生們理解文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達(dá)的基本內(nèi)容，并不受細(xì)枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡(jiǎn)化的句子表達(dá)原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。因此，考生們的語法水平在解題過程中就顯得尤為重要。這種題目在托福閱讀中的具體表現(xiàn)是題目中有“high sentence”。
3.修辭目的題
這是托福閱讀題型中比較難得分的題目，這種題目注重考察單詞，短語或句子在句子之內(nèi)或句子之間起到的作用，這就要求大家平時(shí)閱讀時(shí)，在涉獵原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，要有意識(shí)地注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及段落的結(jié)構(gòu)。在歷年托福備考資料中，這類題目考查的比較少，但一出現(xiàn)就會(huì)難倒考生。
4.詞匯題
在托福閱讀題目的解答過程中，特別是詞匯題總會(huì)讓人有些頭疼。特別是對(duì)于那些基礎(chǔ)薄弱的學(xué)生來說，由于詞匯量的問題，托福閱讀中的詞匯題就是一個(gè)更大的麻煩了。單詞記憶主要就是背單詞。所以關(guān)于如何去背單詞，在這里有幾點(diǎn)建議：
1.利用零散的時(shí)間背單詞。利用零散的時(shí)間背單詞可以使用單詞卡片。
2.進(jìn)行高頻率的重復(fù)，建議把重復(fù)的周期控制在7天以內(nèi)。
3.把背單詞和閱讀相結(jié)合。廣泛的閱讀也是增加詞匯量的一種方法，并且能夠在閱讀中加強(qiáng)對(duì)已經(jīng)背過的單詞的記憶。
此類題目在托福閱讀考試中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)量和頻率非常大，有時(shí)一篇閱讀會(huì)有四五道詞匯題，考生需要特別注意。
5.事實(shí)否定題
在解答這種題目的時(shí)候首先要注意的是避免慣性思維的影響。平時(shí)大家的做題習(xí)慣當(dāng)中，我們都是看到與原文相符或者和原文一樣的選項(xiàng)就選，但是到了這個(gè)題目，需要選擇不屬于題干內(nèi)容或者與原文相反的選項(xiàng)，這是需要注意的一點(diǎn)。一般這種題目的定位范圍都在原文的某一個(gè)或者兩個(gè)自然段，所以第一步需要的就是根據(jù)題目大定位到某個(gè)自然段，然后根據(jù)選項(xiàng)特征對(duì)應(yīng)原文進(jìn)行選題。在托福閱讀備考資料中，這類題雖然不難，但是比較容易丟分，因?yàn)榭紙?chǎng)上考生過于緊張，就會(huì)忘了你想思維這回事。
6.插空題
這些題目雖然不是很難，但是其中的一些較為復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系會(huì)讓考生難免失分。在解答托福閱讀插空題，首要任務(wù)就是要找到線索詞。也就是能夠讓我們了解句子之間邏輯或者語法聯(lián)系的詞，線索詞亦是解題的關(guān)鍵。這類題在新托福閱讀講義中有以下幾種具體做法：
1. 如果要插入的句子中有代詞，可是代詞所指代的內(nèi)容又沒有出現(xiàn)在句子本身，那么我們就可以根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)等性質(zhì)找到它指代的內(nèi)容，再插入到該句之后。
2. 如果句子中的線索詞不是第一類的代詞，而是以第二類的這種形式出現(xiàn)，那么這個(gè)最后的名詞就是我們的線索詞。這個(gè)名詞一般會(huì)在原文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過，我們要找到這個(gè)地方，再把句子插入適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?。之后要考慮句子插入后是否與插入口后面的句子保持正確的邏輯關(guān)系。
3. 以上兩類線索詞都是根據(jù)文中的語法聯(lián)系來解題的，可是有些題目中的插入句沒有這兩類線索詞，那么它的線索詞就可能是一些表示因果、轉(zhuǎn)折等各種邏輯關(guān)系的邏輯詞，舉例來說就是，however/but…這類表轉(zhuǎn)折和 thus/accordingly …這類表因果關(guān)系的詞，相信大家在寫作的時(shí)候已經(jīng)把這些詞倒背如流了吧!這一類的插入題可能比前兩類線索詞的題要相對(duì)難一些，因?yàn)楦蓴_項(xiàng)會(huì)比較強(qiáng)大，但是只要細(xì)心，理清前后句的邏輯關(guān)系，童鞋們還是可以攻克滴!
在歷年托福備考資料中，此類題目一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)在最后，此時(shí)考生會(huì)覺得時(shí)間不夠有點(diǎn)緊張，越到此時(shí)腦子就越要保持清醒，切不可再整類題目上丟掉寶貴的分?jǐn)?shù)。
7.總結(jié)表格題
這類題目在托福閱讀備考資料中出現(xiàn)的不太多，正因?yàn)檫@樣，有些考試呢過就會(huì)忽略掉，一旦出先就會(huì)緊張不知所措，所以平時(shí)一定要加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。
總結(jié)表格題的出題模式有兩種：一種是針對(duì)全文內(nèi)容出題，答案由全文的主題，細(xì)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)支持段落的概述三部分組成。另外一種是針對(duì)文章中的重點(diǎn)支持性段落出題，答案由這些重點(diǎn)支持性段落主題，段落結(jié)論，以及重點(diǎn)支持性例子的概述三部分組成。解答這類題目的關(guān)鍵就是熟悉整個(gè)文章的內(nèi)容的同時(shí)，要邊讀邊在心里總結(jié)每段的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，提煉出精華內(nèi)容，將文章中主要內(nèi)容的相關(guān)方面用著重符號(hào)標(biāo)出，以便查找。
8.推論題
文章中有些論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)沒有明確闡述，但卻強(qiáng)烈暗示出來了。如果文中有比較，推論題就可能問做比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。如果文中有對(duì)某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述，推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型，但難度很大。這種題目就需要考試針對(duì)推論所提問的所在段有一個(gè)透徹的了解，對(duì)前后文邏輯有一個(gè)清晰的了解，不要被作者的表相所迷惑，分析題目的同時(shí)將主要內(nèi)容提煉出來，答案就一目了然了。這類題目在托福閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，每篇閱讀必有一題，所以一定不能夠丟分。
托福閱讀背景材料：媒體評(píng)論中國(guó)肯德基事件
Quartz評(píng)論中國(guó)肯德基事件(From：Quartz)
China’s food safety campaign against KFC is the real threat to Yum
When Yum Brands announced last month that it expected KFC-China’s fourth-quarter sales to decline 4%, spurring a sharp sell-off in the company’s stock, CEO David Novak attributed it the slump to “the macros”—meaning, the much-discussed sputtering of China’s economic growth.
But that wasn’t the whole story. Days before Yum’s revised estimate, the Chinese state television network CCTV reported (in Chinese) on KFC’s sourcing of “fast-growth chickens,” birds dosed with “toxic” concoctions to shorten their maturation cycle. The Chinese micro-blogosphere promptly freaked out, but the charge didn’t stick: Health inspectors cleared the “fast-growth chickens,” which turned out to be the overseas industry standard, imported from the United States.
But CCTV wasn’t done. On Tuesday, it ran an investigative piece on large-scale chicken farmers, highlighting their insouciant way with antibiotics and growth hormones. Though KFC and McDonald’s, which was also implicated, both say they haven’t sourced from those kinds of farms in months, it matters little to public perception. When it comes to food safety, these ongoing reporting campaigns are fairly common, explains Beijing-based lawyer and blogger Stan Abrams:
Seems like every other day I’m writing something about a new investigation, enforcement campaign, or dispute involving a foreign firm here. Some times the criticism turns out to be fair, and other times the rumors are unfounded. Occasionally there are witch hunts, where the media (often, but not always State media) piles on with inflammatory rhetoric, assuming the worst of multinationals and their business practices.
In this case, says Abrams, “China’s print media seem to be focused not on the farmers or their customers as a whole, but rather on KFC and McDonald’s.” For example, the China Daily has now begun rehashing KFC- and McDonald’s-related stories with titles like “Multinational firms’ tricks” and “Some foreign fast food is harder to swallow.”
This is fairly typical, particularly of CCTV, which sees itself as a consumer watchdog. What isn’t typical is that the Chinese government is now taking up the cause against Yum and KFC. Earlier today, the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration released (in Chinese) food safety reports from 2010 and 2011, showing that, of 19 samples from one of the farms profiled by CCTV, 8 failed antibiotics safety tests.
“We think Yum Brands should face facts and responsibly publish relevant information,” Shanghai FDA manager Yan Zuqiang told the 21st Century Business Herald. “What is now clear is that we’ve already had in our hands eight reports of samples that didn’t meet standards, and we immediately informed Yum Brands. Yum Brands should admit to this.”
Though the report hasn’t been widely published in English yet, the stock shed some 4% in trading on Friday. Yum Brands representatives did not respond to requests for comment.
It’s not clear what the government hoped to clarify by releasing tests that more than a year old from a farm that KFC no longer uses, particularly when the Shanghai FDA says it will publish recent test results in a few days. It’s possible this signals a prioritization of food safety in the new Xi Jinping administration, says Junheng Li, head of research at China-focused research firm JL Warren Capital, though she thinks that KFC-China’s real problem has little to do with government attention.
“KFC-China was successful back in the day because they localized their menu, adapting it to local taste,” Li told me. “Among younger demographics in first- and second-tier cities, chicken has been around for too long, so that now, trendy Chinese food concepts are outperforming KFC and other foreign fast foods.”
Yum’s 5,000 restaurants in China are growing revenue faster than the company’s larger base of locations in the US. But shopping centers are no longer discounting rents for KFCs, says Li, meaning that the company is facing 100-250% hikes, wringing margins. Then there’s the reality that young shoppers are increasingly spending their renminbi online, where e-retailers like Taobao and 360buy.com offer selection, price transparency, and convenience that traditional shopping centers struggle to compete with. KFC-China’s plan to combat these trends is to expand in lower-tier cities, where markets are not yet saturated.
But Li sees problems with this strategy, a point that gets back to “the macros” that CEO Novak believes will support KFC-China’s continued growth.
“KFC shares the common attitude toward China, saying ‘urbanization will drive growth,’ and leaving it at that,” she says. “Urbanization isn’t the driver of economic growth; it’s the result of it. You have to create jobs first. And with the economy so dependent on exports and investment, creating overcapacity, the current rate of urbanization is unsustainable.”
托福閱讀背景材料：歐美風(fēng)俗
Food 美式食物
"You are what you eat." Nutrition experts often use this sayingto promote better eating habits. What we put in our mouthsdoes become a part of us. But we can look at this statementanother way. What we eat reflects who we are--as people andas a culture. Do you want to understand another culture? Thenyou ought to find out about its food. Learning about Americanfood can give us a real taste of American culture.
"你吃什么就成為什么樣子"營(yíng)養(yǎng)專家經(jīng)常使用這句話來倡導(dǎo)更好的飲食習(xí)慣，入嘴的東西確實(shí)成為我們的一部分.但我們也可以從另一個(gè)角度來看這句話，我們所吃的反映出我們自己--不論就人或文化而言.你想了解另一種文化嗎?那么你應(yīng)該去認(rèn)識(shí)他們的食物.認(rèn)識(shí)美國(guó)食物可以讓我們得知美國(guó)文化的精髓。
What is "American food"? At first you might think the answer is easy as pie. To many people,American food means hamburgers, hot dogs, fried chicken and pizza. If you have a "sweet tooth,"you might even think of apple pie or chocolate chip cookies. It's true that Americans do eat thosethings. But are those the only kind of vittles you can find in America?
何謂「美式食物」?乍聽之下你可能認(rèn)為答案容易得很。對(duì)許多人而言，美式食物就是漢堡、熱狗、炸雞和披薩。如果你是好吃甜食的人，你可能會(huì)想到蘋果派或巧克力片餅干。美國(guó)人確實(shí)吃這些東西，但這些就是你在美國(guó)唯一找得到的食物嗎?
Except for Thanksgiving turkey, it's hard to find a typically "American" food. The United Statesis a land of immigrants. So Americans eat food from many different countries. When people moveto America, they bring their cooking styles with them. That's why you can find almost every kindof ethnic food in America. In some cases, Americans have adopted foods from other countries asfavorites. Americans love Italian pizza, Mexican tacos and Chinese egg rolls. But the Americanversion doesn't taste quite like the original!
除了感恩節(jié)火雞以外，挺難找到典型的美國(guó)食物。美國(guó)是個(gè)移民之地，所以美國(guó)人吃的食物來自許多不同的國(guó)家，當(dāng)人們移居美國(guó)，他們也將自己的烹調(diào)帶了進(jìn)來。那也就是為什么在美國(guó)你幾乎可以看到所有不同民族的食物。在某些情況中，美國(guó)人把外國(guó)的食物視為最愛。美國(guó)人喜愛意大利的披薩，墨西哥的玉米餅和中國(guó)的春卷，但是這些東西的美國(guó)版味道卻不很道地!
As with any large country, the U.S.A has several distinct regions. Each region boasts its ownspecial style of food. Visit the South and enjoy country-style cooking. Journey through Louisianafor some spicy Cajun cuisine. Take a trip to New England and sample savory seafood dishes. Travelthrough the Midwest, "the breadbasket of the nation," for delicious baked goods. Cruise over tothe Southwest and try some tasty Tex-Mex treats. Finish your food tour in the Pacific Northwestwith some gourmet coffee.
和許多大國(guó)一樣，美國(guó)有數(shù)個(gè)截然不同的地區(qū)，每個(gè)地區(qū)都以自己特有的食物夸口。走訪美國(guó)南部享受鄉(xiāng)村式的烹調(diào);到路易斯安納州品嘗辛辣的凱郡式料理;走一趟新英格蘭試嘗它美味的海鮮;再到中西部「美國(guó)的面包之鄉(xiāng)」品嘗可口的烘培食品;乘船游覽至西南部嘗試一些好吃的墨式德州小吃，最后到太平洋西北岸，啜飲美食家的咖啡，作為美食之旅的句點(diǎn)。
Americans living at a fast pace often just "grab a quick bite." Fast food restaurants offerpeople on the run everything from fried chicken to fried rice. Microwave dinners and instant foodsmake cooking at home a snap. Of course, one of the most common quick American meals is asandwich. If it can fit between two slices of bread, Americans probably make a sandwich out of it.Peanut butter and jelly is an all-time American favorite.
生活在快速步調(diào)之下的美國(guó)人通常只能「很快地吃幾口」。快餐店提供趕時(shí)間的人各種食物，從炸雞到炒飯，應(yīng)有盡有。微波爐晚餐和實(shí)時(shí)餐點(diǎn)使得在家燒飯省事又快速。當(dāng)然，最平常的美式速餐之一就是三明治。任何能夾在兩片土司中間的東西，美國(guó)人就可以把它作成一份三明治，花生醬和果醬更是一直都深受美國(guó)人的喜愛。
Americans on the go also tend to eat a lot of "junk food." Potato chips, candy bars, soft drinksand other goodies are popular treats. Many people eat too many of these unhealthy snacks. Butothers opt for more healthy eating habits. Some even go "all natural." They refuse to eat anyfood.
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