托福閱讀中學(xué)術(shù)類文章該如何應(yīng)對(duì)
托福閱讀文章來(lái)源多種多樣,不同類型的文章題材有不同的解題技巧,下面就為大家介紹托福閱讀中學(xué)術(shù)類文章解題技巧。
托福閱讀中學(xué)術(shù)類文章該如何應(yīng)對(duì)?
1.托福閱讀文章之學(xué)術(shù)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)
在托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中,一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分:
(1)Topic 話題:即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,探討某個(gè)歷史事件;
在托福文章中,這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置??忌梢愿鶕?jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面:即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn),則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象,則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個(gè)歷史事件,則方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期;
在這種托福閱讀題材中,往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系,將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落,共同組成行文主體;
(3)Attitude態(tài)度:即文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度?;蚴欠e極肯定,或是消極否定,或是保持中立。
在托福文章中,態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度,這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu),考生通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致討論方向,再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨,便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)
托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落,一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分:
(1) Topic Sentence主旨句:表達(dá)段落的主旨,即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;
(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié):為了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明段落中心含義,所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容,即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié),這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu),考生通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。
總結(jié):當(dāng)考生們了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后,對(duì)文章框架的把握就會(huì)做到心里有數(shù),更有利于提高托福閱讀速度和定位有效信息的準(zhǔn)確度。
托福閱讀要突破這些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯
1. 人:學(xué)術(shù)型的新托福閱讀中最常出現(xiàn)的就是各種科學(xué)家,以ist和er結(jié)尾居多。
例如:anthropologist,archaeologist,paleontologist,zoologist,geographer,astronomer
(人類學(xué)家,考古學(xué)家,古生物學(xué)家,動(dòng)物學(xué)家,地理學(xué)家,天文學(xué)家)
這類的托福閱讀詞匯大家無(wú)需記住拼寫,只要在閱讀中出現(xiàn)可以辨認(rèn)就足以。在面對(duì)未知的專有名詞時(shí),至少要判斷他們存在于那個(gè)學(xué)科,才好進(jìn)行下一步的推理。
2. 地質(zhì)、地貌:這類文章在新托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)中比重很大,建議大家對(duì)常用詞匯進(jìn)行積累。
例如:volcano,layer,conglomerate,karst,porous,permeable,meteorolite,asteroid
火山,(地)層,礫巖,喀斯特地貌(石灰?guī)r的一種地形),多孔的(有透氣性與透水性),可滲透的,隕石,小行星
3. 氣候、動(dòng)物與生態(tài):與生物和地球有關(guān)的話題是新托福閱讀永遠(yuǎn)的寵兒。
例如:unpredictable,vary,range from,extinction,endangered,tropical,jungle,equatorial
不可預(yù)測(cè)的,改變(動(dòng)詞),變化幅度(動(dòng)詞),滅絕,瀕危的,熱帶的,叢林,赤道附近的
4. 歷史、考古,這類題材是分水輪流轉(zhuǎn)的對(duì)象,也要加以注意。尤其是歷史文章的考法不是單純的講古,而是從各個(gè)層面切入,有很多的表現(xiàn)形式。可能是古人類的遷徙,那就是人類歷史。貿(mào)易和交通運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展,那就是經(jīng)濟(jì)史,等等。
例如,relics,remains,mausoleum,handicraft,cohesiveness,territorial,civilization
遺跡,遺跡或殘骸,陵墓,手工藝品,凝聚性,領(lǐng)土的,文明
5. 關(guān)鍵副詞,這類詞往往在托福閱讀中很不顯眼,但是會(huì)左右整個(gè)句子的含義,他們是最需要加以注意的對(duì)象。一些看起來(lái)含有否定前綴的詞可能是肯定含義,而一些完全沒(méi)有否定詞綴的副詞卻可能是真正的殺手!
例如:rarely,merely,undeniable
可以看出這些托福閱讀詞匯有些可能不需要記拼寫,但是還是需要大家著重關(guān)注的,新托福閱讀的背景知識(shí)較為豐富,大家如果想在托福閱讀上有所突破就要合理的準(zhǔn)備這些詞匯。
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天道“留學(xué)規(guī)劃”具體服務(wù)項(xiàng)目如下:
1. 幫助申請(qǐng)人制定申請(qǐng)目標(biāo)
2. 根據(jù)申請(qǐng)目標(biāo),分析申請(qǐng)人背景優(yōu)劣勢(shì)
3. 制定各項(xiàng)出國(guó)考試時(shí)間規(guī)劃
4. 針對(duì)目標(biāo)專業(yè)和目前背景,確定專業(yè)相關(guān)成績(jī)提升,選修課以及輔修專業(yè)方案
5. 制定學(xué)術(shù)、研究背景提升計(jì)劃
6. 制定實(shí)習(xí)工作計(jì)劃,指導(dǎo)制作實(shí)習(xí)簡(jiǎn)歷,提供面試輔導(dǎo)
7. 制定社會(huì)活動(dòng)方案及國(guó)際文化交流計(jì)劃
8. 制定名校/獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金申請(qǐng)方案
9. 初步選定推薦人,指導(dǎo)申請(qǐng)人聯(lián)系合適的推薦人
10. 制定適合申請(qǐng)人的個(gè)性化《教育規(guī)劃方案》
托福閱讀技巧之如何巧用關(guān)鍵詞?
托??荚囬喿x部分一篇文章一般較長(zhǎng),所以一般是以段落為單位的。有時(shí)候可能會(huì)有學(xué)生說(shuō)我做題的時(shí)候并不會(huì)去看整段啊,或者有學(xué)生說(shuō)我看懂了哎,但題目就是沒(méi)做對(duì)啊!其實(shí)我們?cè)陂喿x一個(gè)段落時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)使用方法,是什么方法可以幫助我們快速閱讀呢?
要讀懂一個(gè)段落我們只需要抓住幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞而已。那么關(guān)鍵詞怎么抓呢?一是看邏輯信號(hào)詞;二是讀句子的時(shí)候一定牢記只看主干!下面我們就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping為例,說(shuō)說(shuō)如何巧抓關(guān)鍵詞。
TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping:
Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First, Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea, where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem, despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590, this did not elicit an increased supply.
以上算得上是托福閱讀中較長(zhǎng)的段落了,在快速閱讀這個(gè)段落的時(shí)候我們要找的關(guān)鍵詞是:邏輯信號(hào)詞—如段落中所標(biāo)示的first, but, this… 我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這些信號(hào)詞所在的句子基本都是解題的信息點(diǎn)。那么在做題定位時(shí)不妨多加留意。當(dāng)然,抓住這些關(guān)鍵詞并不難,難在理解。
接下來(lái)我們就來(lái)看看理解這些句子時(shí)的關(guān)鍵詞。每段話的首句是必定要讀的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade。這是包含了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜句。先看到核心詞changes,再看到Venetian shipping and trade。這篇文章接下來(lái)具體要寫的內(nèi)容就展露無(wú)遺,也就是威尼斯船業(yè)和貿(mào)易的變遷。
First,這當(dāng)然是開(kāi)始寫shipping的標(biāo)志了。Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea, where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. 我們一直強(qiáng)調(diào)句子要讀主干,那么簡(jiǎn)單地看這個(gè)句子就是Venice’s functions were lost, 核心詞很顯然是lost,也對(duì)應(yīng)了整篇文章的主題 decline. 接下來(lái)兩句寫到了15和16世紀(jì)遇到的船員難招的問(wèn)題。…there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. 這句話中有冒號(hào)的出現(xiàn),閱讀冒號(hào)之前的內(nèi)容there was little problem;到下一句:the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. 這句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到這里意思應(yīng)該已經(jīng)一目了然了,就是講威尼斯船業(yè)在招聘船員方面所遭遇的變遷:little problem—not serious —greater problem.
剛才我們講了文章閱讀部分要抓關(guān)鍵詞,其實(shí)我們?cè)陂喿x題目和選項(xiàng)時(shí)也是需要尋找關(guān)鍵詞的。有些題目的選項(xiàng)是比較長(zhǎng)的,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去也差不多一段話了,所以一定要抓住關(guān)鍵詞判斷才行,如否定詞、比較詞和并列詞。這些是快速瀏覽選項(xiàng)的第一步。再次也要看到題干和每個(gè)選項(xiàng)中能讓我們快速定位到原文的關(guān)鍵詞。我們還是以托福TPO25為例:
TPO25-1 The Surface of Mars
Paragraph 5 As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?
A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。
B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。
C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。
D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。
劃出選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞后,定位到原文迅速瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中并無(wú)如A和D選項(xiàng)中的比較,C中的否定詞not和原文是明顯相矛盾的,故而選擇B,而B選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)的恰好是本段末句:Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
根據(jù)以上分析,我們應(yīng)該明白在閱讀之時(shí)何為關(guān)鍵詞。簡(jiǎn)單地講有定位關(guān)鍵詞和判斷關(guān)鍵詞。定位關(guān)鍵詞包括題干及選項(xiàng)中的名詞,還有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的邏輯信號(hào)詞了,不要忘記用它們找到你解題需要的信息。判斷關(guān)鍵詞是選項(xiàng)中那些有特色的詞匯,包括否定詞,比較詞或者是句子主干中的動(dòng)詞等,根據(jù)這些詞和原文進(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng),至少有一半的選項(xiàng)可以迅速被排除。
托福閱讀中學(xué)術(shù)類文章該如何應(yīng)對(duì)相關(guān)文章: