為了幫助大家備考托福。提高閱讀成績，打有準備的仗，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x大神支招高分技巧，希望大家喜歡。

托福閱讀大神支招高分技巧

說到閱讀考試的準備，小編相信很多考生從接觸英語考試開始，就開始接觸閱讀考試，可以說個個都是“閱讀老司機”，但到了托福這里，畢竟是外國人出題，很多同學紛紛表示“城市套路深，好想回農村”，好尷尬……

加之閱讀又是考托的第一項科目，征服了閱讀就征服了考試，因為如果做好了，會開個好頭，會更有信心的解決其他科目，而如果做的不好就會直接影響后面的答題情緒。

所以在分秒必爭的備考階段，如何才能更有效率的準備考試就成了關鍵。

要想更有針對性地準備考試，我們首先得找準自身的首要問題：

1. 是否能夠準確認出所讀單詞，能夠讀出文章的大致語意。

2. 是否能看懂同義詞或者同義轉述，能夠準確明白所讀過的句子含義。

3. 是否能通過所讀句子進行邏輯判斷，分析，歸納等過程。

其實這3點問題，也是同學在準備托福閱讀進階的三個步驟。

詞 匯：

說個大家都不愿意接受的事實，其實很多同學可能還一直在問題1里面掙扎徘徊，也就是說單詞都還沒有背完!

所以有必要提醒大家一下托福核心詞匯量至少要達到 5000 左右的水平才能應付考試，而且是越多越好。但是要注意一點是背誦核心詞匯，而不是一些很生僻的詞比如說各種表示_學科的單詞。

句 子：

如果詞匯量搞定了，那么想要更好的對句子進行理解和把握，就需要我們在平時練習的過程中有目的的強化快速去掉句子修飾成分，直達主干的能力。

并且像動詞不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞以及邏輯關系要特別留意。

還有就是托福閱讀里面一些常見的特殊句式，比如，省略，倒裝，強調，插入等，這些都是需要同學們在練習過程中能夠快速準確識別的重要信息。

文 章：

到最后也是最關鍵的一步也就是對文章整體進行把握。

這點就需要同學們在練習的過程中多積累什么地方可以快速閱讀，什么地方又需要仔細閱讀。因為考試的時候一定是快慢結合著讀，突出重點的讀，這才是理想的狀態(tài)。

那么，到底怎樣才能每次都讀到重點呢?

通常而言，帶轉折的句子，帶歸納字眼的句子，帶概括動詞的句子，設問的句子，這些都是我們需要重點關注的對象，因為它們往往內含重點。

一旦從文章的細節(jié)到整體都有一個清晰的把握之后，我們就更能夠掌握文章側重點，把握出題規(guī)律。

不過這個過程并不是一蹴而就的事情，所以建議大家還是要從分析文章入手，由詞匯句子的總結歸納一直到對整篇文章框架的全面把握，這其中只少要包含分析10篇左右的TPO(應選靠后TPO)，這個階段完成后你的收獲一定是顯而易見。

相信大家在做好這3點之后，能夠由小及大把握好文章，那么高分自然水到渠成!

托福閱讀材料練習：國外旅游需給小費

“小費”在很多國家都很普及，不過，在國內，大家一般都沒有這個習慣。所以，一旦你出國旅游，可能就有必要提前預習一下在國外需給小費的行業(yè)了。

Hotel workers depend on tips to augment their usually small salaries. Rather than being annoyed at having to tip the doorman who greets you, consider it part of the cost of travel and be prepared with the dollar bills you will need to hand out before you even get to your room.

飯店的工作人員主要靠小費來增加他(她)們平時微薄的收入。不要對付給服務員小費感到憤憤不平，而應該把它看作是旅游消費的一部分，并應做好準備在進入飯店之前就隨時掏出鈔票。

Doormen

Depending on the amount of luggage, tip $ 1 to $ 2 to the doorman who takes your bags and turns them over to a bellman. If you are visiting and have no luggage, you naturally do not tip him for simply opening the door for you. Tip him again when you leave with your luggage as he takes it from the bellman and assists you in loading it in your car or into your taxi. When the doorman obtains a taxi for you, tip him $1 to $3 (the higher amount if he must stand in the rain for a period of time to get it).

門衛(wèi)

給門衛(wèi)的小費數(shù)目取決于行李的多少，為你拿行李并把它遞給行李員的門衛(wèi)要付給1至2美元的小費。如果你沒有行李，通常就不必為他們只為你開門這樣簡單的服務付費。當你帶著行李準備離開飯店而門衛(wèi)從行李員手中接過行李并幫你把它放入你的車子或出租車里時，你還應該付給他小費。當門衛(wèi)為你叫了一輛出租車時，你應該付他1至3美元(如果他為了叫輛出租車而不得不在雨中站著時，你的小費應該給得更多些。)

Bellman

Tip $1 a bag but not less than $2 to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.

行李員

一個行李包要付1美元的小費，但對于把行李送到客房的行李員要付給2元以上的小費。當行李員為你做了一些特殊的事情，比如替你購物或把你需要的東西送到客房(但不屬于客房服務范疇)等，他應該得到2至3美元的小費。

Maid

For stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped $2 per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".

清理房間的女服務員

在一個較大、較豪華的飯店，清理房間的女服務員每人每天應得到2美元的小費;檔次次之的飯店的服務員每人每天可得1美元小費。你可以親自給她們小費，也可以把錢裝在信封里封好，上面寫明"送給清理房間的服務員"。

Valet

Valet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.

清洗、熨燙衣服的服務員

清洗、熨燙衣服的服務費用被加到你的帳單中，因此如果在你外出的時候衣服被放在房間內你就無需付小費。如果服務員在送衣服時，你在房間內，可以為他們的送衣服務付1美元，如果衣服較多就應付更多的小費。

Dining Room Staff

Tips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.

餐廳服務員

付給飯店餐廳服務員的小費數(shù)目與其他餐館服務員所得小費的數(shù)目不相上下，都是15-18%，而一些非常豪華、檔次最高的餐廳小費要高達18-20%。如果你入住的飯店是餐費已包含于總帳單的美式飯店，小費還是15-18%，且要直接付給那位從頭至尾一直服侍你的服務員。如果一個家庭或一行四人要在此飯店住一星期的話，他們付出的小費從10美元至15美元不等，而在住宿的時間更長或人數(shù)更多的情況下，小費要達到20美元甚至30美元之多。

托福閱讀材料練習：澳洲殺人松果

傳說澳大利亞是一個危機四伏的地方，那里有致命的毒蛇，海灘里潛伏著蜇人的水母和吃人的鯊魚。倘若說動物很可怕也就算了，在澳大利亞松果也能殺人!開始看題目，我覺得這不是扯淡嗎?北京的松果大了去了也就半個拳頭大，就算美國大松塔也就是一個拳頭左右，可是看了澳大利亞的松塔，我徹底折服了。

As travel writer Bill Bryson pointed out in his book In a Sunburned Country, Australia “has more things that will kill you than anywhere else” — including poisonous snakes and jellyfish, crocodiles, and sharks. If you’re traveling to the Land Down Under, be wary of those things — but now add pine cones to that list. That’s right; according to Australia’s ABC News, there are huge pine cones dropping from above in the town of Warragul, Victoria (abou

t 65 miles east of Melbourne), just outside the Courthouse Hotel where travelers should be finding refuge.

“These things are enormous,” said Warragul Mayor Diane Blackwood, describing the potentially lethal pine cones of the Bunya pine tree on the hotel grounds, which is 120-years-old and on their historical heritage list. “They are the size of a watermelon, falling literally out of the sky from potentially 20 meters high… So you wouldn’t want to be under one, I tell you.”

The watermelon-sized pine cones weigh up to 22 lbs. each, which is heavier than most bowling balls. Try to imagine one of those falling on your head and cracking your skull; it won’t be pretty. So be careful when traveling to Warrugul; it may be a good idea to look up when you’re walking down under.

托福閱讀材料練習：天生天養(yǎng)孩子更健康

目前，嬰幼兒食品的安全問題再度引起全社會的關注，怎樣撫養(yǎng)嬰兒也成了大家共同關心的問題，專家給出的建議是：天生天養(yǎng)孩子更健康。

Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can, but we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."

許多專家建議人們憑常識辦事?！拔覀儾粫⒆觽冋f：‘好，去骯臟的河邊玩吧，想抓什么就抓什么。但可以這樣講，小孩子玩泥巴沒什么大不了的，他們不必生活在完全干凈的環(huán)境中，也不會因為吃掉到地上的　東西就死掉。這樣說不定會使他們更健康?！?/p>

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古國一個家庭小農場里，一只大公雞在小小的巴亞爾的床邊來回踱步，一只山羊過來喝他的洗澡水，周圍的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a "green" lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

與此形成鮮明對比的是，瑪麗出生在高樓林立的科技之城東京，海蒂的父母將其視為掌上明珠，在舊金山過著“綠色”的生活方式，兩個孩子都享受著便捷的現(xiàn)代生活和干凈的衛(wèi)生環(huán)境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，瑪麗和海蒂的身體更健康。在納米比亞，每1000個孩子中約有42個在過五歲生日前夭折，蒙古為41個;而在美國和日本，這一數(shù)字僅為8個和4個。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不過，城市里的寶寶雖然生活條件優(yōu)越，但與欠發(fā)達國家農村地區(qū)的寶寶相比，患上某些疾病的風險更高，包括過敏癥、哮喘，以及1型糖尿病、多發(fā)性硬化和炎癥性腸病等自身免疫性疾病。

Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

現(xiàn)在，有一項研究認為，也許有一種方法可以拉近兩個世界的距離，讓彼此取長補短。

According to the "hygiene hypothesis," first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根據(jù)1989年首次提出的“衛(wèi)生假說” (hygiene hypothesis)理論，孩子在成長早期如果接觸多種病毒、細菌和寄生蟲，將有利于其免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，似乎這樣能促進大腦對其做出更好的防御準備。反之，如果缺乏這類早期接觸，免疫系統(tǒng)就可能出現(xiàn)紊亂，做出過激反應，如對食物、花粉和寵物毛屑過敏等，或者引發(fā)人體機理問題，出現(xiàn)自身免疫失調。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years--the so-called "old friends" theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off.

數(shù)百萬年以來，許多微生物與人類形成一種共生共棲的關系，就像我們的“老朋友”一樣;如果我們將某種微生物連根拔除，就等于錯過了人體進化歷程中的一個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。

"The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections," says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“絕大多數(shù)微生物都是無害的，只有幾十種微生物會引發(fā)致命感染。”美國西北大學人體生物研究實驗室主任麥克·戴德說道。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但臟水和動物排泄物也潛藏著其他一些危險。英國醫(yī)學雜志《柳葉刀》2010年五月中旬發(fā)表的一篇分析報告稱，在2008年全球880萬5歲前夭折的孩子中，有近70%死于感染性疾病，最常見的是肺炎、痢疾和瘧疾。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科學家仍在尋找辦法把好的微生物與壞的微生物區(qū)分開來，在此過程中，他們有了幾點深入發(fā)現(xiàn)。研究表明，從小和家庭寵物一起長大的孩子患過敏癥和哮喘病的幾率較低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says.

美國疾病控制與預防中心醫(yī)療質量改進部副主任及感染病專家貝爾說，人們應該警惕傷口感染，因為一旦病毒侵入血液，就會造成各種問題。他還是提倡人們勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手?！必悹栒f。

But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

不過，他和其他一些專家表示，在大多數(shù)情況下，洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要適用于醫(yī)療工作者以及醫(yī)院場所內，因為醫(yī)院里的致病微生物較多，而且容易傳播開來。

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to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.

行李員

一個行李包要付1美元的小費，但對于把行李送到客房的行李員要付給2元以上的小費。當行李員為你做了一些特殊的事情，比如替你購物或把你需要的東西送到客房(但不屬于客房服務范疇)等，他應該得到2至3美元的小費。

Maid

For stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped

為了幫助大家備考托福。提高閱讀成績，打有準備的仗，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x大神支招高分技巧，希望大家喜歡。

托福閱讀大神支招高分技巧

說到閱讀考試的準備，小編相信很多考生從接觸英語考試開始，就開始接觸閱讀考試，可以說個個都是“閱讀老司機”，但到了托福這里，畢竟是外國人出題，很多同學紛紛表示“城市套路深，好想回農村”，好尷尬……

加之閱讀又是考托的第一項科目，征服了閱讀就征服了考試，因為如果做好了，會開個好頭，會更有信心的解決其他科目，而如果做的不好就會直接影響后面的答題情緒。

所以在分秒必爭的備考階段，如何才能更有效率的準備考試就成了關鍵。

要想更有針對性地準備考試，我們首先得找準自身的首要問題：

1. 是否能夠準確認出所讀單詞，能夠讀出文章的大致語意。

2. 是否能看懂同義詞或者同義轉述，能夠準確明白所讀過的句子含義。

3. 是否能通過所讀句子進行邏輯判斷，分析，歸納等過程。

其實這3點問題，也是同學在準備托福閱讀進階的三個步驟。

詞 匯：

說個大家都不愿意接受的事實，其實很多同學可能還一直在問題1里面掙扎徘徊，也就是說單詞都還沒有背完!

所以有必要提醒大家一下托福核心詞匯量至少要達到 5000 左右的水平才能應付考試，而且是越多越好。但是要注意一點是背誦核心詞匯，而不是一些很生僻的詞比如說各種表示_學科的單詞。

句 子：

如果詞匯量搞定了，那么想要更好的對句子進行理解和把握，就需要我們在平時練習的過程中有目的的強化快速去掉句子修飾成分，直達主干的能力。

并且像動詞不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞以及邏輯關系要特別留意。

還有就是托福閱讀里面一些常見的特殊句式，比如，省略，倒裝，強調，插入等，這些都是需要同學們在練習過程中能夠快速準確識別的重要信息。

文 章：

到最后也是最關鍵的一步也就是對文章整體進行把握。

這點就需要同學們在練習的過程中多積累什么地方可以快速閱讀，什么地方又需要仔細閱讀。因為考試的時候一定是快慢結合著讀，突出重點的讀，這才是理想的狀態(tài)。

那么，到底怎樣才能每次都讀到重點呢?

通常而言，帶轉折的句子，帶歸納字眼的句子，帶概括動詞的句子，設問的句子，這些都是我們需要重點關注的對象，因為它們往往內含重點。

一旦從文章的細節(jié)到整體都有一個清晰的把握之后，我們就更能夠掌握文章側重點，把握出題規(guī)律。

不過這個過程并不是一蹴而就的事情，所以建議大家還是要從分析文章入手，由詞匯句子的總結歸納一直到對整篇文章框架的全面把握，這其中只少要包含分析10篇左右的TPO(應選靠后TPO)，這個階段完成后你的收獲一定是顯而易見。

相信大家在做好這3點之后，能夠由小及大把握好文章，那么高分自然水到渠成!

托福閱讀材料練習：國外旅游需給小費

“小費”在很多國家都很普及，不過，在國內，大家一般都沒有這個習慣。所以，一旦你出國旅游，可能就有必要提前預習一下在國外需給小費的行業(yè)了。

Hotel workers depend on tips to augment their usually small salaries. Rather than being annoyed at having to tip the doorman who greets you, consider it part of the cost of travel and be prepared with the dollar bills you will need to hand out before you even get to your room.

飯店的工作人員主要靠小費來增加他(她)們平時微薄的收入。不要對付給服務員小費感到憤憤不平，而應該把它看作是旅游消費的一部分，并應做好準備在進入飯店之前就隨時掏出鈔票。

Doormen

Depending on the amount of luggage, tip $ 1 to $ 2 to the doorman who takes your bags and turns them over to a bellman. If you are visiting and have no luggage, you naturally do not tip him for simply opening the door for you. Tip him again when you leave with your luggage as he takes it from the bellman and assists you in loading it in your car or into your taxi. When the doorman obtains a taxi for you, tip him $1 to $3 (the higher amount if he must stand in the rain for a period of time to get it).

門衛(wèi)

給門衛(wèi)的小費數(shù)目取決于行李的多少，為你拿行李并把它遞給行李員的門衛(wèi)要付給1至2美元的小費。如果你沒有行李，通常就不必為他們只為你開門這樣簡單的服務付費。當你帶著行李準備離開飯店而門衛(wèi)從行李員手中接過行李并幫你把它放入你的車子或出租車里時，你還應該付給他小費。當門衛(wèi)為你叫了一輛出租車時，你應該付他1至3美元(如果他為了叫輛出租車而不得不在雨中站著時，你的小費應該給得更多些。)

Bellman

Tip $1 a bag but not less than $2 to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.

行李員

一個行李包要付1美元的小費，但對于把行李送到客房的行李員要付給2元以上的小費。當行李員為你做了一些特殊的事情，比如替你購物或把你需要的東西送到客房(但不屬于客房服務范疇)等，他應該得到2至3美元的小費。

Maid

For stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped $2 per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".

清理房間的女服務員

在一個較大、較豪華的飯店，清理房間的女服務員每人每天應得到2美元的小費;檔次次之的飯店的服務員每人每天可得1美元小費。你可以親自給她們小費，也可以把錢裝在信封里封好，上面寫明"送給清理房間的服務員"。

Valet

Valet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.

清洗、熨燙衣服的服務員

清洗、熨燙衣服的服務費用被加到你的帳單中，因此如果在你外出的時候衣服被放在房間內你就無需付小費。如果服務員在送衣服時，你在房間內，可以為他們的送衣服務付1美元，如果衣服較多就應付更多的小費。

Dining Room Staff

Tips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.

餐廳服務員

付給飯店餐廳服務員的小費數(shù)目與其他餐館服務員所得小費的數(shù)目不相上下，都是15-18%，而一些非常豪華、檔次最高的餐廳小費要高達18-20%。如果你入住的飯店是餐費已包含于總帳單的美式飯店，小費還是15-18%，且要直接付給那位從頭至尾一直服侍你的服務員。如果一個家庭或一行四人要在此飯店住一星期的話，他們付出的小費從10美元至15美元不等，而在住宿的時間更長或人數(shù)更多的情況下，小費要達到20美元甚至30美元之多。

托福閱讀材料練習：澳洲殺人松果

傳說澳大利亞是一個危機四伏的地方，那里有致命的毒蛇，海灘里潛伏著蜇人的水母和吃人的鯊魚。倘若說動物很可怕也就算了，在澳大利亞松果也能殺人!開始看題目，我覺得這不是扯淡嗎?北京的松果大了去了也就半個拳頭大，就算美國大松塔也就是一個拳頭左右，可是看了澳大利亞的松塔，我徹底折服了。

As travel writer Bill Bryson pointed out in his book In a Sunburned Country, Australia “has more things that will kill you than anywhere else” — including poisonous snakes and jellyfish, crocodiles, and sharks. If you’re traveling to the Land Down Under, be wary of those things — but now add pine cones to that list. That’s right; according to Australia’s ABC News, there are huge pine cones dropping from above in the town of Warragul, Victoria (abou

t 65 miles east of Melbourne), just outside the Courthouse Hotel where travelers should be finding refuge.

“These things are enormous,” said Warragul Mayor Diane Blackwood, describing the potentially lethal pine cones of the Bunya pine tree on the hotel grounds, which is 120-years-old and on their historical heritage list. “They are the size of a watermelon, falling literally out of the sky from potentially 20 meters high… So you wouldn’t want to be under one, I tell you.”

The watermelon-sized pine cones weigh up to 22 lbs. each, which is heavier than most bowling balls. Try to imagine one of those falling on your head and cracking your skull; it won’t be pretty. So be careful when traveling to Warrugul; it may be a good idea to look up when you’re walking down under.

托福閱讀材料練習：天生天養(yǎng)孩子更健康

目前，嬰幼兒食品的安全問題再度引起全社會的關注，怎樣撫養(yǎng)嬰兒也成了大家共同關心的問題，專家給出的建議是：天生天養(yǎng)孩子更健康。

Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can, but we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."

許多專家建議人們憑常識辦事?！拔覀儾粫⒆觽冋f：‘好，去骯臟的河邊玩吧，想抓什么就抓什么。但可以這樣講，小孩子玩泥巴沒什么大不了的，他們不必生活在完全干凈的環(huán)境中，也不會因為吃掉到地上的　東西就死掉。這樣說不定會使他們更健康?！?/p>

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古國一個家庭小農場里，一只大公雞在小小的巴亞爾的床邊來回踱步，一只山羊過來喝他的洗澡水，周圍的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a "green" lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

與此形成鮮明對比的是，瑪麗出生在高樓林立的科技之城東京，海蒂的父母將其視為掌上明珠，在舊金山過著“綠色”的生活方式，兩個孩子都享受著便捷的現(xiàn)代生活和干凈的衛(wèi)生環(huán)境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，瑪麗和海蒂的身體更健康。在納米比亞，每1000個孩子中約有42個在過五歲生日前夭折，蒙古為41個;而在美國和日本，這一數(shù)字僅為8個和4個。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不過，城市里的寶寶雖然生活條件優(yōu)越，但與欠發(fā)達國家農村地區(qū)的寶寶相比，患上某些疾病的風險更高，包括過敏癥、哮喘，以及1型糖尿病、多發(fā)性硬化和炎癥性腸病等自身免疫性疾病。

Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

現(xiàn)在，有一項研究認為，也許有一種方法可以拉近兩個世界的距離，讓彼此取長補短。

According to the "hygiene hypothesis," first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根據(jù)1989年首次提出的“衛(wèi)生假說” (hygiene hypothesis)理論，孩子在成長早期如果接觸多種病毒、細菌和寄生蟲，將有利于其免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，似乎這樣能促進大腦對其做出更好的防御準備。反之，如果缺乏這類早期接觸，免疫系統(tǒng)就可能出現(xiàn)紊亂，做出過激反應，如對食物、花粉和寵物毛屑過敏等，或者引發(fā)人體機理問題，出現(xiàn)自身免疫失調。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years--the so-called "old friends" theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off.

數(shù)百萬年以來，許多微生物與人類形成一種共生共棲的關系，就像我們的“老朋友”一樣;如果我們將某種微生物連根拔除，就等于錯過了人體進化歷程中的一個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。

"The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections," says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“絕大多數(shù)微生物都是無害的，只有幾十種微生物會引發(fā)致命感染?！泵绹鞅贝髮W人體生物研究實驗室主任麥克·戴德說道。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但臟水和動物排泄物也潛藏著其他一些危險。英國醫(yī)學雜志《柳葉刀》2010年五月中旬發(fā)表的一篇分析報告稱，在2008年全球880萬5歲前夭折的孩子中，有近70%死于感染性疾病，最常見的是肺炎、痢疾和瘧疾。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科學家仍在尋找辦法把好的微生物與壞的微生物區(qū)分開來，在此過程中，他們有了幾點深入發(fā)現(xiàn)。研究表明，從小和家庭寵物一起長大的孩子患過敏癥和哮喘病的幾率較低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says.

美國疾病控制與預防中心醫(yī)療質量改進部副主任及感染病專家貝爾說，人們應該警惕傷口感染，因為一旦病毒侵入血液，就會造成各種問題。他還是提倡人們勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手?！必悹栒f。

But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

不過，他和其他一些專家表示，在大多數(shù)情況下，洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要適用于醫(yī)療工作者以及醫(yī)院場所內，因為醫(yī)院里的致病微生物較多，而且容易傳播開來。

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per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".

清理房間的女服務員

在一個較大、較豪華的飯店，清理房間的女服務員每人每天應得到2美元的小費;檔次次之的飯店的服務員每人每天可得1美元小費。你可以親自給她們小費，也可以把錢裝在信封里封好，上面寫明"送給清理房間的服務員"。

Valet

Valet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.

清洗、熨燙衣服的服務員

清洗、熨燙衣服的服務費用被加到你的帳單中，因此如果在你外出的時候衣服被放在房間內你就無需付小費。如果服務員在送衣服時，你在房間內，可以為他們的送衣服務付1美元，如果衣服較多就應付更多的小費。

Dining Room Staff

Tips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.

餐廳服務員

付給飯店餐廳服務員的小費數(shù)目與其他餐館服務員所得小費的數(shù)目不相上下，都是15-18%，而一些非常豪華、檔次最高的餐廳小費要高達18-20%。如果你入住的飯店是餐費已包含于總帳單的美式飯店，小費還是15-18%，且要直接付給那位從頭至尾一直服侍你的服務員。如果一個家庭或一行四人要在此飯店住一星期的話，他們付出的小費從10美元至15美元不等，而在住宿的時間更長或人數(shù)更多的情況下，小費要達到20美元甚至30美元之多。

托福閱讀材料練習：澳洲殺人松果

傳說澳大利亞是一個危機四伏的地方，那里有致命的毒蛇，海灘里潛伏著蜇人的水母和吃人的鯊魚。倘若說動物很可怕也就算了，在澳大利亞松果也能殺人!開始看題目，我覺得這不是扯淡嗎?北京的松果大了去了也就半個拳頭大，就算美國大松塔也就是一個拳頭左右，可是看了澳大利亞的松塔，我徹底折服了。

As travel writer Bill Bryson pointed out in his book In a Sunburned Country, Australia “has more things that will kill you than anywhere else” — including poisonous snakes and jellyfish, crocodiles, and sharks. If you’re traveling to the Land Down Under, be wary of those things — but now add pine cones to that list. That’s right; according to Australia’s ABC News, there are huge pine cones dropping from above in the town of Warragul, Victoria (abou

t 65 miles east of Melbourne), just outside the Courthouse Hotel where travelers should be finding refuge.

“These things are enormous,” said Warragul Mayor Diane Blackwood, describing the potentially lethal pine cones of the Bunya pine tree on the hotel grounds, which is 120-years-old and on their historical heritage list. “They are the size of a watermelon, falling literally out of the sky from potentially 20 meters high… So you wouldn’t want to be under one, I tell you.”

The watermelon-sized pine cones weigh up to 22 lbs. each, which is heavier than most bowling balls. Try to imagine one of those falling on your head and cracking your skull; it won’t be pretty. So be careful when traveling to Warrugul; it may be a good idea to look up when you’re walking down under.

托福閱讀材料練習：天生天養(yǎng)孩子更健康

目前，嬰幼兒食品的安全問題再度引起全社會的關注，怎樣撫養(yǎng)嬰兒也成了大家共同關心的問題，專家給出的建議是：天生天養(yǎng)孩子更健康。

Many experts advise common sense. "We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can, but we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not."

許多專家建議人們憑常識辦事?！拔覀儾粫⒆觽冋f：‘好，去骯臟的河邊玩吧，想抓什么就抓什么。但可以這樣講，小孩子玩泥巴沒什么大不了的，他們不必生活在完全干凈的環(huán)境中，也不會因為吃掉到地上的　東西就死掉。這樣說不定會使他們更健康?！?/p>

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古國一個家庭小農場里，一只大公雞在小小的巴亞爾的床邊來回踱步，一只山羊過來喝他的洗澡水，周圍的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a "green" lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

與此形成鮮明對比的是，瑪麗出生在高樓林立的科技之城東京，海蒂的父母將其視為掌上明珠，在舊金山過著“綠色”的生活方式，兩個孩子都享受著便捷的現(xiàn)代生活和干凈的衛(wèi)生環(huán)境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，瑪麗和海蒂的身體更健康。在納米比亞，每1000個孩子中約有42個在過五歲生日前夭折，蒙古為41個;而在美國和日本，這一數(shù)字僅為8個和4個。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不過，城市里的寶寶雖然生活條件優(yōu)越，但與欠發(fā)達國家農村地區(qū)的寶寶相比，患上某些疾病的風險更高，包括過敏癥、哮喘，以及1型糖尿病、多發(fā)性硬化和炎癥性腸病等自身免疫性疾病。

Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

現(xiàn)在，有一項研究認為，也許有一種方法可以拉近兩個世界的距離，讓彼此取長補短。

According to the "hygiene hypothesis," first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根據(jù)1989年首次提出的“衛(wèi)生假說” (hygiene hypothesis)理論，孩子在成長早期如果接觸多種病毒、細菌和寄生蟲，將有利于其免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，似乎這樣能促進大腦對其做出更好的防御準備。反之，如果缺乏這類早期接觸，免疫系統(tǒng)就可能出現(xiàn)紊亂，做出過激反應，如對食物、花粉和寵物毛屑過敏等，或者引發(fā)人體機理問題，出現(xiàn)自身免疫失調。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years--the so-called "old friends" theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off.

數(shù)百萬年以來，許多微生物與人類形成一種共生共棲的關系，就像我們的“老朋友”一樣;如果我們將某種微生物連根拔除，就等于錯過了人體進化歷程中的一個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。

"The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can cause lethal infections," says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“絕大多數(shù)微生物都是無害的，只有幾十種微生物會引發(fā)致命感染?！泵绹鞅贝髮W人體生物研究實驗室主任麥克·戴德說道。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但臟水和動物排泄物也潛藏著其他一些危險。英國醫(yī)學雜志《柳葉刀》2010年五月中旬發(fā)表的一篇分析報告稱，在2008年全球880萬5歲前夭折的孩子中，有近70%死于感染性疾病，最常見的是肺炎、痢疾和瘧疾。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科學家仍在尋找辦法把好的微生物與壞的微生物區(qū)分開來，在此過程中，他們有了幾點深入發(fā)現(xiàn)。研究表明，從小和家庭寵物一起長大的孩子患過敏癥和哮喘病的幾率較低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. "If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough," he says.

美國疾病控制與預防中心醫(yī)療質量改進部副主任及感染病專家貝爾說，人們應該警惕傷口感染，因為一旦病毒侵入血液，就會造成各種問題。他還是提倡人們勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手。”貝爾說。

But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

不過，他和其他一些專家表示，在大多數(shù)情況下，洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要適用于醫(yī)療工作者以及醫(yī)院場所內，因為醫(yī)院里的致病微生物較多，而且容易傳播開來。

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