托福閱讀文章出處是哪里呢
想要進(jìn)行托?？荚嚨耐瑢W(xué)都知道托?？荚嚦煽儗τ跊Q定自己能否成功申請上心儀的院校有十分很重要的作用。那么在備考托?？荚嚨倪^程中，閱讀考試的文章篇幅長，對于很多同學(xué)來說還是一個(gè)不小的挑戰(zhàn)，以致很多同學(xué)其實(shí)不是很適應(yīng)備考閱讀考試，那么學(xué)習(xí)啦小編今天就帶大家了解托?？荚嚨拈喿x部分的出處，幫助大家更好地了解托?？荚嚨拈喿x部分。
托福閱讀文章出處是哪里呢
一、托福評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
托福閱讀部分的考試滿分30分，對于大家而言24分是一個(gè)比較高分的成績了，那么想要拿到24分的話，托福閱讀又能錯(cuò)多少呢?以下有這些分析，托福閱讀有三篇文章，總共42道題。除每篇文末尾一題每題2分之外，其他題目都是每題一分。也就是說托福閱讀的原始分是45分。原始分與結(jié)果成績有個(gè)對應(yīng)關(guān)系。根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)對應(yīng)關(guān)系，托福閱讀如果想要拿到24分，原始分就要38分，想要38分的原始分，有以下幾個(gè)情況，一是兩分題都做對了的話，原始分39分基礎(chǔ)題可錯(cuò)6道題，二是兩分題都做錯(cuò)的情況下，已經(jīng)扣6分，原始分得分為38分，在這種情況下托福閱讀24分只能錯(cuò)3道大題，基礎(chǔ)題一道都不能錯(cuò)。三是比較復(fù)雜了，如果其中一道題選錯(cuò)一個(gè)選項(xiàng)即扣一分，而其他兩道題沒錯(cuò)，那么錯(cuò)五個(gè)基礎(chǔ)題就能拿到托福閱讀24分;如果錯(cuò)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)扣兩分，其他兩道題沒錯(cuò)，那么錯(cuò)四個(gè)基礎(chǔ)題也能拿到托福閱讀24分了。
二、選材出處
托福考試的閱讀文章選材范圍及其廣泛，涉及有自然科學(xué)包括：天文學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等;人文科學(xué)包括：藝術(shù)美學(xué)、考古學(xué)、語言學(xué)、文學(xué)等;社會(huì)科學(xué)包括：人類學(xué)、政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、等交叉學(xué)科。
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托福閱讀推理題的解析
推理題的題干中常出現(xiàn)infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等詞語。根據(jù)OG， 在IBT 閱讀的3篇文章中，每篇會(huì)有0-2道這類問題，一次考試總共有3-4道推斷題。
一、推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。
這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。
二、推理題的三個(gè)具體的解題思路：
1、一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對比特征，問其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、時(shí)間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。這個(gè)比較抽象，我們來看一個(gè)例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。
三、解答這類題目需要注意的信息點(diǎn)：
1.日期和數(shù)字。
2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福閱讀句意解釋題
這類型題目的題干表達(dá)為：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解決這類題目的三種方法：
第一種：在保持原句序基本不變的前提下進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第二種：在句序不變的前提下再進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第三種：對原句進(jìn)行總結(jié)性重復(fù)。
下面我們通過一個(gè)例子來看這些方法的具體應(yīng)用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解題：
首先，我們來分析這個(gè)句子，整個(gè)主句的主語為Small marketers，謂語為be concerned with，賓語為factors，這個(gè)分析完成之后，我們采用同意替換的方法，替換其中的重點(diǎn)詞組-謂語be concerned with，其同義詞為focus on。這樣替換完之后把兩個(gè)句子的意思進(jìn)行比較，得出正確答案C。這道題目采用了第一種方法。
托福閱讀如何應(yīng)對文章難句
NO8-1，我們從“詞--句--篇章”來談?wù)勥@篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、難詞
spatial: a.1.空間的，太空的;2.存在(或者發(fā)生)于宇宙空間的
plume: n.1.羽狀物2.柱，地柱
xenolith:俘虜巖
percolate:v.1.滲透2.擴(kuò)散到，彌漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、難句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
對于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長插入語however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語來修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)
Ts是文章的第一句，因此這一篇短文章是結(jié)論解釋型。文章開始說出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了兩種理論，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一個(gè)是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分別對這兩種理論進(jìn)行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
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