學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在語(yǔ)法書(shū)上都有詳略不同的交代，但大都著重它的構(gòu)成形式，例證則往往不夠。接下來(lái)，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎在英語(yǔ)句子中比在漢語(yǔ)句子中更多出現(xiàn)，這點(diǎn)是我國(guó)初學(xué)者所經(jīng)常忽略的。在某些句子中，英語(yǔ)總是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、而漢語(yǔ)則絕不能用，如“Shakespeare was born in 1564./Moliere was born in Paris”。初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的人接觸到這樣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)跐h語(yǔ)中慣于說(shuō)"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，從來(lái)不說(shuō)一個(gè)人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中，英語(yǔ)可用主動(dòng)及被動(dòng)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，漢語(yǔ)則傾向于用主動(dòng)，如“Everybody likes him./He is liked by everybody”。漢語(yǔ)"人人喜歡他"看來(lái)比"他被人人喜歡"更現(xiàn)成和自然。有人以為這有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的問(wèn)題，用作主語(yǔ)的詞是加以強(qiáng)調(diào)的。即令如此，按照英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)寫成的"他被大家喜歡"這樣的句子，總是別扭。
下面就十個(gè)類別，舉出一些句子，說(shuō)明英語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞用于某一意義或在某一場(chǎng)合中常作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。類別當(dāng)然不能只是十個(gè)，這兒僅舉常見(jiàn)的。每個(gè)類別下也只舉五個(gè)句子，句子中的動(dòng)詞彼此不一樣。為方便起見(jiàn)，句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English(ALD)，其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(LDCE)，必要時(shí)從其他英美書(shū)刊補(bǔ)充少數(shù)句子，但不注明出處。
1.關(guān)于生病
The left lung is affected1. _____ALD
He is confined to the house by illness. ____ ALD
He was seized with sudden chest pains. ____LDCE
He’s been troubled with a bad back since he was a child. ____LDCE
John was Invalided2 out of the army.
上面這些句子中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中很習(xí)慣化，如將動(dòng)詞改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有不同程度的不順。用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)這些句子中的同樣的概念，就可以不一定用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2.關(guān)于疲倦困乏
He was doneup afterthe long ride. ALD
He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb. _____ ALD
He was almost fagged out. ______ ALD
I’m completely exhausted3.____LDCE
I was spent with the fatigue4 of the voyage.
漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)"累了"、"累垮了"極普通。如說(shuō)由于某種原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在結(jié)構(gòu)上不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這和第一類的例子是一致的。
3.關(guān)于喜悅、高興
I was delighted to hear the news of your success._____ALD
We’re very pleased to see you here._____ALD
On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy._____ALD
She was enchanted5 with the flowers you sent her. _____ALD
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows._____ ALD
漢語(yǔ)如說(shuō)"被高興"，將不成文理，說(shuō)"使……高興"或"為……高興"，那也不能照英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)去處理。事實(shí)上這頭一句話照漢語(yǔ)是"我高興地聽(tīng)到……"這雖帶點(diǎn)歐化，但目前也通行了。最常見(jiàn)的恐怕還是"聽(tīng)到……我高興"。無(wú)論如何。漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)"高興"，不能如英語(yǔ)那樣用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4.關(guān)于阻塞、拖延：
We’re been held up by fog. _____ ALD
The mountain roads were obstructed6 by falls of rock._____ALD
The train was delayed two hours. _____ALD
I was hindered from getting here.____ALD
The harbour was blocked by ice._____ALD
這第二句ALD英漢雙解本譯成"山路被落下石頭所阻塞"。嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)這句譯文似乎欠流暢，尤其不能用于口語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然，凡是阻力，總是外來(lái)的阻力，施于受事的主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)處于被動(dòng)地位，但漢語(yǔ)不能采取英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式而完全不加變動(dòng)。
5、關(guān)于習(xí)慣
He is quite used to hard work.____ALD
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to. _____ALD
He is addicted8 to smoking. _____ALD
The old soldier was inured9 to danger. ____LDCE
He is given to long walks. _____LDCE
英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞，由于常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，詞典中對(duì)它們的分詞(participle)形式另立專條著錄，成為獨(dú)立的詞，其功能相當(dāng)于形容詞。以上例句中的動(dòng)詞就是典型的例子。例如，詞典一般既有use這一專條(不定式動(dòng)詞)，又有 used;既有 accustom7，又有 accustomed;既有g(shù)ive，又有g(shù)iven。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常用于被動(dòng)"(usu.passive)，尚未另立inured和 addicted專條，其他詞典也大體是這樣，雖然addicted還可以作為形容詞，看成是獨(dú)立的詞條。然而不管這些詞是否帶有形容詞的性質(zhì)，在上面的句子中卻具有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的作用。
6.關(guān)于苦惱、心煩意亂
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed.____ALD
She is easily upset emotionally.____ALD
He was vexed10 at his failure. ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness.______ALD
I felt harassed11 by all the work of the office._____LDCE
苦惱等情緒當(dāng)然是引起的，因此英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎說(shuō)明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally.不必指出原因。
7.關(guān)于驚訝或震驚
I was astonished to see him there. ____ALD
I’m surprised he didn’t come._____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing. _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill._____ALD
He was astounded12 when he heard he had won._____ALD
一個(gè)正常的人無(wú)故不會(huì)大驚小怪。但是我們說(shuō)"吃驚"、"大吃一驚"或"使……吃驚"和"使……大吃一驚"等也就夠了，不同于英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)表現(xiàn)形式。
8.關(guān)于圍繞、包圍
His land is fenced with barbed wire.____ALD
Troy was besieged13 by the Greeks for ten years._____ALD
The troops were surrounded._____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed._____LDCE
Japan is compassed about by the ocean.____LDCE
對(duì)于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，漢語(yǔ)是可以用"被包圍"這類說(shuō)法的，但對(duì)第一句的"is fenced with，"如說(shuō)"有籬笆圍住"就行了，不一定要說(shuō)"被用籬笆圍住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在漢語(yǔ)中也難以表達(dá)。我們通常說(shuō)：應(yīng)該用欄桿圍起來(lái)"，或"應(yīng)該把它用欄桿圍起來(lái)"，而不是"應(yīng)該被用欄桿圍起來(lái)"。
9.關(guān)于玷污、污染
His reputation is tarnished14._____ALD
My car was mired15. ____ ALD
The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink.
That cheese is mildewed16.
和第三句的contaminated意義近似的動(dòng)詞如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。我們說(shuō)，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10.關(guān)于惶惑、慌亂
I was confounded to hear that. ____ALD
They sked so many questions that I got confused. _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.____ALD
He was puzzled what to do next. ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed17 as to what to do.
以上可和第六和第七兩類聯(lián)系起來(lái)看。
綜觀以上的例子，我們覺(jué)得中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)不只是要記住動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情況下，英語(yǔ)一定比漢語(yǔ)更常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);要留心哪些動(dòng)詞是這樣用的，哪些動(dòng)詞雖有各種不同用法，但專指某一特殊意義時(shí)一定用被動(dòng)形式。有些特殊被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，幾乎習(xí)語(yǔ)化了，也是不可忽視的，如下面兩個(gè)句子：
My hints were lost upon him.___ ALD
My advice was thrown away upon him.___ALD
下面這類以it開(kāi)頭的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，初學(xué)者不會(huì)使用的大有人在，以致語(yǔ)言死板，并違反英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
It is observed that…
It may be observed that…
It will be observed that…
It remains18 to be observed that…
如此等等。他們只知說(shuō)“We may observe that…”之類，因?yàn)檫@與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)接近。
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