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<p> 　　作為文明起源的三大標志之一,青銅器在研究中國古代早期文明中具有非常重要的作用。要如何鑒別青銅器的真?zhèn)文?接下來就和學習啦小編一起來了解一下關于如何正確辨別青銅器的真?zhèn)危瑲g迎閱讀!</p><h2> 　　正確辨別青銅器的方法</h2><p> 　　器形之間看</p><p> 　　由于西周時期的青銅器制作方法同夏、商時期一樣，沒有太大的變化，都是陶范制作，且一器一范，<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/aihao/shougong/' target='_blank'><u>手工</u></a>制作，這樣就不能鑄造出相同的陶范，所以，在西周時期也是沒有完全相同的青銅器造型，如果有，肯定有一件是偽器，或二者皆偽。</p><p> 　　紋飾之間看</p><p> 　　由于同夏、商時代一樣為陶范鑄成，一范一器，幾乎沒有完全相同紋飾或刻痕的青銅器，除了個別用單范鑄造成器的有相同的紋飾，不過這樣的紋飾在西周時期很少見。</p><p> 　　銅鐵合鑄上看</p><p> 　　近代的考古發(fā)現新材料證明，在商代晚期和西周早、中期，這類銅鐵合鑄器所使用的鐵都是隕鐵，那么究竟什么時候出現人工冶鐵?這是一個相當重要的時間推定問題，因為，只要這個時間鉚定了，我們才可以知道從商代晚期到什么時候屬于隕鐵和銅材料結合成器存在的時間?而什么時候又是人工冶鐵和銅結合器存在的時間。1990年，河南三門峽西周晚期虢國貴族墓地出土了一把玉莖銅芯柄鐵劍，為銅鐵合鑄的典型器物，且是人工冶鐵，被稱之為“中華第一劍”，是中國迄今發(fā)現最早的人工冶鐵實物，由此我們可以推定，中國<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/xuexifangfa/lishi/' target='_blank'><u>歷史</u></a>上銅和隕鐵合鑄的時代是從商代晚期到西周晚期。而人工冶鐵與銅合鑄成器的時代至遲在西周晚期技術上已經成熟。</p><p> 　　鑄范種類上看</p><p> 　　西周時期除了陶范法冶鑄外，也還延續(xù)了夏商時期用石范鑄造青銅器小件和不復雜器物的傳統(tǒng)。由于石范法只能制造一些簡單的工具和武器類青銅器，所以到西周時期石范鑄造青銅器的方法，基本上沒有得到發(fā)展，在西周時期絕大多數青銅器的鑄造還是采用陶范法鑄造，只有極少數的青銅器是用石范鑄法鑄造，我們在鑒定這一類石范法鑄造的青銅器時，就要和陶范法鑄造青銅器的鑒定要點區(qū)分開來，如石范法鑄造的青銅器，存在著器形和紋飾之間相同的現象。</p><p> 　　從其它看，西周時期青銅器在以下幾個方面和夏代青銅器的特征相似，如，在聽聲音上和青銅器的銹蝕上、以及青銅器的重量上，其辨?zhèn)蔚姆椒ɑ鞠嗤?/p><p> 　　紋飾上看</p><p> 　　西周時期的青銅器紋飾在繼承商代的基礎上繼續(xù)發(fā)展，西周早期和商代晚期一樣進入了紋飾發(fā)展的鼎盛期，這是同當時的社會歷史大背景分不開的，也就是說雖然朝代更替了，但統(tǒng)治階級用禮器統(tǒng)治人們的思想沒有改變，所以，青銅禮器發(fā)展的大環(huán)境沒有改變，這樣青銅上的紋飾還是按照為禮器服務的思想不斷發(fā)展，商代的許多紋飾在西周時期仍然在使用，如，商代晚期獸面紋的變化的形式“環(huán)柱角形、牛角形、外卷角形、羊角形、內卷角形、曲折角形、雙龍角形、長頸鹿角形、虎頭形、熊頭形獸面紋”等紋飾，在西周早期仍在使用。而在西周中后期形成了西周時期特有的紋飾特征，如，西周中后期，主要流行環(huán)帶紋、竊曲紋、重環(huán)紋、垂鱗紋、波曲紋、鳳鳥紋、瓦紋等，另外，還出現了許多無紋飾的素器，在這些素器當中有的也有飾幾道紋的。西周時期的青銅器，有時候用雷紋為地，這實際上是延續(xù)了青銅器禮器化的進程，可以想象以雷紋為地的青銅器上存在的各種紋飾多是天上的神靈，或是能上天入地的神物，因為，它可以在云雷紋之上生活，但西周時期的青銅器上的云雷紋沒有商代普遍，這從另一個方面也說明了在西周時期人們崇拜的對象，逐漸從天上回到了人間。但我們應明白，商代和西周時期雖然在紋飾的種類上不同，但這些紋飾的本質和功能沒有變，仍然是為了增強青銅器的神秘性，加強了其禮器的地位。當然，在西周時期青銅器紋飾進化的過程中，否定掉的許多傳統(tǒng)的青銅器紋飾，這些紋飾為什么會被否定掉呢?原因很簡單，就是這些紋飾不適應時代的要求了，不符合禮器神秘性規(guī)律了，所以，<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/mengjian/ziran/' target='_blank'><u>自然</u></a>就會被淘汰掉。</p><p> 　　西周時期的許多紋飾遵循這個規(guī)律，如商代和西周早期的獸面紋及其變形的紋飾，在西周時期就逐漸被淘汰，在西周中后期，獸面紋很少，即使有也多在足部和一些不起眼的地方。另外，商代的夔龍和鳥紋在西周時期也是少見，基本上棄置不用了，這是因為，西周時期人們崇拜的對象發(fā)生了改變，生產力進一步得到了提高，西周時期已經沒有什么<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/zhishi/dongwu/' target='_blank'><u>動物</u></a>是人的對手了，人們對許多自然界中存在的動物不再恐懼，不再崇拜，既是征服不了的猛獸至少也對它的習性有了深刻的了解，已經不再屬于崇拜的對象，這樣這些動物的神秘性就小了，更不要說是稱之為神了，所以在西周時期真正的獸面紋就少了。即使有，也多是以<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/naoli/chouxiangsiwei/' target='_blank'><u>抽象</u></a>的形式出現。因為，只有抽象才是超現實的，才是人們所崇拜的，因為人們只崇拜抽象的事物。而替代的則是新的紋飾，當然，這些紋飾是抽象到了極點，如，重環(huán)紋、垂鱗紋、龍紋等。當然，也有一些比較難于解釋的紋飾，比如說波曲紋，在西周時期的青銅豆和青銅甑等器物上都有表現，對于這種波曲紋有的人認為是一種不知名的獸紋，當然，我們對波曲紋的研究還很不夠，但是，據我對虢國墓地青銅器上的波曲紋進行觀察，總覺得象是大海的波浪，或者至少應該和大海有點聯系，因為大海在周代是不為人們所認識和理解的，所以，大海對于周人來講還是極神秘的，這樣人們就會成為人們崇拜的對象，也許這種波曲紋本身并不是來源于大海，但從外形上看不免會被人們這樣理解。</p><p> 　　西周時期許多青銅器上的紋飾，在布局方法上還出現了幾種紋飾并存的局面。有的上面飾竊曲紋、中間為三角紋和竊曲紋、腹部為鳳鳥紋或龍紋、圈足是竊曲紋，十分復雜，在手法上，主要采用虛實、縱橫、疏密等排比方法，使圖案變化豐富多彩，但是對稱性很強。另外，西周時期紋飾的特點還有一點，這就是主次紋飾的應用，即在西周時期青銅器上的紋飾一般都有幾種，但只有一種紋飾是主體，其特點很明顯，一般都占據著顯著的位置，且面積很大。如今市場上有很多仿制的西周青銅器，但大多都不得其精髓。</p><h2> 　　青銅器的修復保養(yǎng)</h2><p> 　　民間<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/aihao/shoucang/' target='_blank'><u>收藏</u></a>的古代青銅器分為生坑器與熟坑器。生坑器為發(fā)掘出土器，主要為國家文物部門收藏，而民間則以傳世的歷代熟坑器為主。</p><p> 　　熟坑器表面多為薄而密實的古銅色氧化皮殼層，即為包漿層。也有數百年前出土的再經數代世間流傳，人為的觀賞把玩原有的青銅銹蝕表面會形成色彩斑斕的古銅色與貼骨銹。</p><p> 　　生坑器的銹蝕物基本分為四個層次;①地子、皮殼層;由氧化銅、氧化亞銅(灰黑、棗紅、栗殼色等)組成(生坑器又由于合金成分不同與埋藏環(huán)境產生漆古地子，如黑漆古、綠漆古、紅漆古等)。②貼骨銹;堅硬平光的薄銹層。③層狀銹，各種銹蝕的堅硬層次<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/yangsheng/seban/' target='_blank'><u>色斑</u></a>或較厚疏松的糟糠銹層。④土銹;坑土與銹粉混合狀，有堅硬的泥沙等。</p><p> 　　青銅器還有一種有害銹稱為青銅病，其腐蝕物主要為綠色的氯化銅，亮綠色或蠟白色的氯化亞銅，這些不穩(wěn)定的粉狀銹均為有害物。青銅病有害銹蝕物的檢測用刻刀將粉末取樣，浸泡于去氯離子水中(純凈水)，待氯離子析出，用試管測水樣，然后在水樣內滴入稀釋的硝酸，pH試紙測試酸化后的水樣呈酸性，再滴入配置好的硝酸銀容積(每100ml去離子水中溶解1.7g硝酸銀)，觀察水樣中是否有乳白色絮狀懸浮物，如有說明此為青銅病。有關青銅病的<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/fangfa/zhiliao/' target='_blank'><u>治療方法</u></a>之前的文章里已有說明。</p><p> 　　青銅器表面銹蝕一般有機械方法和<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/xuexifangfa/huaxue/' target='_blank'><u>化學</u></a>方法清除。傳統(tǒng)機械去銹采用刻刀、手術刀、小錘等工具?，F代機械去銹主要采用激光清潔器、超聲波潔牙機或吊磨鉆、噴砂機等電動工具。</p><p> 　　現代化學方法去銹方法較多，沒有把握的話應請專業(yè)人員去操作。一般是將相應的藥液滲入藥棉，貼敷在銹蝕面，保持濕度，并隨時用鑷子翻開藥棉，觀察銹蝕物軟化的情況。也可用塑泥將局部圍筑。藥液浸泡的方法軟化銹層后，再用竹簽剔除去銹。凡化學藥液處理過的器物應立即用蒸餾水反復浸泡清洗殘留藥液。</p><p> 　　化學去銹的方法有：</p><p> 　　1:15%六偏磷酸鈉水溶液可以去除銅器上的石灰石、堅硬的泥沙。</p><p> 　　2:酒石酸鉀鈉15g、氫氧化鈉5g、去離子水1000ml，再加5%過氧化氫，約40分鐘以上可以軟化硬殼層，去除硬銹層。</p><p> 　　3:10%硫酸稀釋液加10g重鉻酸鉀去除氧化亞銅，10%的六次甲基四胺溶液，3%硝酸、5%草酸或醋酸與去離子水稀釋液均可去除質地堅硬的銅銹層。</p><p> 　　4:氨軟膏法，將0.1g醫(yī)用軟皂造1L水中煮化，加入0.4g硝酸鈉與0.65g硼砂，混合后煮沸，放置溫熱時加0.2%氫氧化銨，攪拌均勻后冷卻放置。用時加同量的溫水稀釋，涂在銹層上，將其罩在玻璃器皿內觀察變化，軟膏發(fā)藍變綠開始反應，一天可以換一次軟膏，銹層軟化后用蒸餾水浸泡洗凈。</p><p> 　　青銅器的緩蝕封護處理是青銅器保護修復的最后一道工序，也是保護沒有銹蝕的青銅器重要的一步。具體方法是在排風廚內將器物浸泡入5%苯并三氮唑/乙醇溶液中，溫度保持在60°C左右，約8小時候取出，拭去表面多余藥液然后封護。封護用小羊板筆蘸甲基丙烯酸甲酯涂刷，甲基丙烯酸甲酯溶于二甲苯中，2%的苯并三氮唑和適量微晶石蠟。當前，金屬器的封護多采用2%的ParaloidB72丙酮溶液保護。</p><h2> 　　銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)</h2><p> 　　關于“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”這兩個問題我們會一一為大家做介紹的。我們先來介紹下什么是銅器吧。銅器可以理解為青銅器的簡稱，也可以泛指各種銅器。銅器的定義：以青銅為基本原料加工而制成的器皿、用器等。銅器的歷史非常悠久。在中國古代銅器不是一般人可以擁有的，它作為一種權力和地位的象征、一種記事耀功的禮器而流傳于世。銅器具有一定的歷史<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/news/wenhua/' target='_blank'><u>文化</u></a>價值，很多人都喜歡收藏銅器。好了，現在言歸正傳吧，我們來講講“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”吧。</p><p> 　　在說“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”之前，我們先來說下銅器要清洗的原因：主要是除掉藏品上的污垢，如土斑、銹斑、油垢、汗?jié)n等，因為這些東西不但損害器物，還可能對收藏者身體不好。</p><p> 　　我們先來說下“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”中的銅器如何清洗：</p><p> 　　【水洗】清洗銅器須用蒸餾水</p><p> 　　清洗銅器必須用蒸餾水，銅器身上存在油脂，可將蒸餾水適當加溫，用清洗劑如肥皂水、洗潔精等將器物浸泡一段時間再清洗。值得注意的是，經過清洗劑處理的器物，要用蒸餾水多次漂洗，以免清潔劑本身的酸、堿等成分影響器物。</p><p> 　　有些銅器上的附著物較為堅硬，不易一次洗掉，切忌在清洗時用金屬或硬物強行除去?？捎弥?、木做成的修器一點點地剝落。對有孔的或鏤空的銅器，其藏污垢的縫隙部位，要用軟布浸濕后輕輕擦出，經過水洗后的器物要放在陰涼干燥處，待其水分蒸發(fā)吹干后，再保存。</p><p> 　　【除塵】笨重銅器可利用吸塵器</p><p> 　　清除銅器上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規(guī)則的銅器，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵;對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅器，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。</p><p> 　　【藥洗】倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病</p><p> 　　要經常觀察青銅器的變化，一旦發(fā)現青銅病癥發(fā)生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉(5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉)清洗;遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅器，以及混有其他雜物的銅器，應請專業(yè)人員進行清洗。</p><p> 　　【涂層】涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好</p><p> 　　干凈的銅器，傳統(tǒng)保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅器上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。</p><p> 　　總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔;同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方;后室內好用暖氣設備取暖，但暖氣片要遠離銅器收藏柜。</p><p> 　　介紹了“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”中的銅器如何清洗。那么銅器也比較容易生銹，該怎么辦呢?我們來介紹下這種情況下銅器如何清洗：</p><p> 　　我們還是再來講解下“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”中的銅器如何清洗：其具體步驟如下</p><p> 　　第一步，用溫水(純凈水)泡掉臟的東西和覆蓋銅器的坑土，北方坑口的坑土味是香的，這時就可以聞到很香的土味!</p><p> 　　第二步：用可樂泡著銅器，可以去看一部電影了，可樂是微酸，對銅器不造成危害，用可樂泡，可以軟化表面的綠銹層!</p><p> 　　第三步，大概1個多小時后，把東西從可樂里撈出，放入飽和的味精水里，每隔一會撈出，看看，注意時間，不要泡過頭，導致漏銅，破壞漂亮的皮殼!看，精美的紋飾已經清晰了，青銅之美，已經展現，若是喜歡這個樣子，可以就此打住，用純凈水洗干凈就好!</p><p> 　　第五步，用味精繼續(xù)泡，綠銹會被融化掉，綠銹下的紅斑開始出現，這時若用熱水洗，紅斑會變得很艷麗，也有人喜歡這種感覺，清代就有個大青銅藏家喜歡這樣的紅斑!我們繼續(xù)!</p><p> 　　第六步，用棉簽沾著飽和的84消毒液，一點點<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/shenghuo/shoujiqingli/' target='_blank'><u>清理</u></a>頑固的紅斑，要小心操作!慢慢的洗掉紅斑，這時也可以留一些紅斑，搭配綠銹，看個人的審美!</p><p> 　　第七步，紅斑開始軟化，變淡，優(yōu)雅的鉛光皮殼漸漸展現。</p><p> 　　第八步，把出去紅斑的銅器泡入檸檬水，要泡幾個小時。</p><p> 　　在反復用毛刷蘸著味精和檸檬水清洗后，綠銹層已基本清洗干凈，只剩堅固的漆銹，漆銹很漂亮。像綠油漆一樣，應該保留，現在，還有幾處紅斑，基本上已達到清理的目的，用純凈水泡過后可見。</p><p> 　　“銅器如何清洗及銅器如何保養(yǎng)”中的“銅器如何清洗”的方法還沒有介紹完，還有一些別的方法可以進行清洗，我們再來講解下銅器如何清洗：</p><p> 　　1、銅器的清潔：在銅器及銅質飾物的表面積滿十分骯臟的污垢時，應先用軟布蘸煤油揩擦，再用毛織品碎片蘸去污粉擦干凈。倘若擦不干凈，可選用食醋或5%的醋酸水溶液擦洗，還可以用一茶杯左右的醋加一餐匙(11毫升)左右的食鹽混合溶液刷洗，然后揩干。</p><p> 　　2、銅去污光亮劑：</p><p> 　　(1)選用硅藻土7份、草酸1份混合后，再用水5份調配成糊狀，然后用此糊劑擦拭黃銅制品，可去除其上的污跡。</p><p> 　　(2)將40份面粉和10份細木屑混合，再用50份醋攪拌成糊狀，再將這種糊劑涂在銅制品上，待糊劑干燥后，用毛織品碎布揩擦。</p><p> 　　(3)銹斑去除發(fā)亮劑。取油酸9克、氨水2克、硅藻土36克、瓷土粉25克、氧化鉻綠3克加入到70克煤油中，混合均勻。使用時，先將本劑搖勻，再用軟布或棉紗蘸取光亮劑少許，擦拭銅器，特別是銹斑處。即可去除銅器上的銹斑，恢復銅器光澤。</p><p> 　　(4)銅光亮劑。將1公斤水盛于容器中，再加入草酸30克、酒精100克、松節(jié)油50克、硅藻土50克，混合均勻。<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/fangfa/shiyong/' target='_blank'><u>使用方法</u></a>同上。</p><p> 　　3、銅水壺中水垢的去除銅水壺中的水垢，若刮刀可以伸進去時，可用刮刀刮下。也可用化學方法清洗，且不損傷銅壺。</p><p> 　　取鹽酸5%(濃度為36%的鹽酸應取15%)加入到94.5%的水中(或85%的水中)，再加入緩蝕劑(福爾馬林)0.5%，攪拌均勻后即可倒人銅水壺中，待水垢全部溶解后倒出，用洗衣粉洗一遍后，用清水沖凈。倘若水垢太厚，第一次沒有完全除凈，還可重復進行，直至水垢全部去除。</p><p> 　　4、鎳光亮劑先將鎳器浸入氯化銅30克、、濃鹽酸500克和水1000毫升的溶液中一段時間，再將鎳器取出后又浸入冰醋酸60～70克、硝酸30～40克、鹽酸0.5克的溶液中，隔一定時間后取出，用水沖洗干凈，鎳器的表面就光亮了。</p><hr /> 猜你喜歡：<br/><p style="margin: 5px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1.<a 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