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href='//wyyxscd8644.com/lishi/quwen/gudaiwenwu/'>古代文物</a><code>></code> </div>   <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="ar_con_nr"> <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="con_l fl">  <article class="ar_con bg louti"> <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="ar_title"> <h1>如何辨別青銅器真?zhèn)蔚姆椒?/h1> <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="ar_title_b"> <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="sub_title clear"> <span id="8hh5rq1ip" class="sp2 c6 fl">時(shí)間：<time class="fxtime">2017-12-13 09:26:11</time></span> <span id="8hh5rq1ip" class="sp1 c6 fl"><em id="zuozhe" class="noshow">世芳</em><em class="user_id noshow">35</em>由 <em class="nickname"></em> 分享</span> <span id="8hh5rq1ip" class="fl arc_btn"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="y_ju"></div> <div id="8hh5rq1ip" class="con_article con_main" id="contentText"> <p> 　　古代青銅器的研究已成為中國(guó)考古學(xué)和<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/lunwen/art/painting/' target='_blank'><u>美術(shù)</u></a>史的重要分支。要如何辨別青銅器真?zhèn)文?接下來(lái)就和小編一起來(lái)了解一下關(guān)于辨別青銅器真?zhèn)蔚姆椒ǎ瑲g迎閱讀!</p><h2> 　　辨別青銅器真?zhèn)蔚姆椒?/h2><p> 　　一銹色</p><p> 　　一般說(shuō)來(lái)，流傳至今的大多是出土銅器，常見(jiàn)有綠銹、紅銹、藍(lán)銹、紫繡等。拿到一件銅器，先要用眼看，若銹色與器體合一，深淺一致合度，堅(jiān)實(shí)勻凈，瑩潤(rùn)、<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/mengjian/ziran/' target='_blank'><u>自然</u></a>，則為自然生成的銹色。若銹色浮在器物之上，綠而不瑩，表皮銹，而且不潤(rùn)澤、刺眼，就是偽銹了。</p><p> 　　二手感和聲響</p><p> 　　用手掂量，若過(guò)輕或過(guò)重就要引起注意了。另外還可用手敲擊實(shí)物，聽(tīng)其聲響，若聲微細(xì)而輕脆則可;若聲渾濁，發(fā)出“嗡”音，則需提高警惕了。</p><p> 　　三花紋和款識(shí)</p><p> 　　這是鑒別銅器的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。夏代銅器花紋簡(jiǎn)單;商代花紋華麗繁縟，且多遍體生花;西周大致與商同，但后期趨向素樸;春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)的花紋清新活潑;秦漢重實(shí)用。至于款識(shí)，主要可從其字體加以辨別。商代字體規(guī)整，筆勢(shì)遒勁大方;周朝早期沿襲波磔體;春秋時(shí)書(shū)體有肥體和瘦體;戰(zhàn)國(guó)金文字體大金不考究;秦朝統(tǒng)一了文字，通用小篆。</p><p> 　　四銅質(zhì)與器式</p><p> 　　銅質(zhì)的鑒別較簡(jiǎn)便，翻看銅器的底，若出黃銅質(zhì)地，則是偽品;足底若已偽制了銅色，用熱堿水刷洗，就能看到其本來(lái)面目。除要記清楚銅器的器式、名稱外，還要了解什么年代鑄什么銅器、什么樣式的銅器是什么年代鑄的。例如鈁，鈁是方形，盛器，是戰(zhàn)國(guó)末期出現(xiàn)的;若其按三代作工、銹色制，為偽品。</p><h2> 　　青銅器鑒定方法</h2><p> 　　鑄造辨?zhèn)畏ǎ簭蔫T造技術(shù)進(jìn)行辨?zhèn)蔚那疤崾鞘至私馇嚆~器各時(shí)代的冶鑄工藝。</p><p> 　　商周時(shí)期，極大部分青銅器是用陶范法鑄成。也就是說(shuō)商周時(shí)期的青銅器都有數(shù)塊陶范拼合澆鑄后留下的范痕，即范線。隨著時(shí)代進(jìn)步，合范的方法有所變化，范痕會(huì)隨著變化，但要想在合范地方不露痕跡，這即使是最熟練的工匠也難免做到。有的鑄器表層紋飾不多，合鑄面較大，合范痕跡容易忽飾，但在隱蔽處，如鼎的耳內(nèi)和腹下部，還會(huì)遺留痕跡的。后代偽者不知道占人鑄造的原理和方法，只講究器物的外形，仍用蠟?zāi)?失蠟)的方法鑄造。表面較精細(xì)，無(wú)需多作加工，但是用這種方法，卻往往與原器物的時(shí)代特征相去甚遠(yuǎn)。</p><p> 　　另外，陶范所鑄銅器為控制器壁的厚度，往往會(huì)在內(nèi)外范之間墊一墊片，因材質(zhì)跟銅液有異，銹跡也就不同，而失臘法鑄器卻無(wú)需墊片，銹跡自然一致。</p><p> 　　紋飾辨?zhèn)危杭y飾是器型華麗的外衣，合體、適時(shí)的外衣是紋飾辨?zhèn)蔚闹匾罁?jù)。不同年齡的人著裝自然不同，青銅器亦是如此。拿到器物，首先看看器型和紋飾的時(shí)代風(fēng)格是否一致，紋飾的作偽大致有如下幾種：加花法。即在真器原有的簡(jiǎn)單紋飾上或光素?zé)o紋的部位刻上相宜的花紋。一般來(lái)說(shuō)加刻的花紋與原器花紋是一致，但應(yīng)注意走刀和崩茬的痕跡。掏花法。即在原本無(wú)花紋或有破損穿孔的器物鏤刻、改刻花紋，使原器變成一件鏤空之器。這種偽掏花的作法，如此做法刀痕非常明顯，且不符合原器的特征。</p><p> 　　銘文辨?zhèn)?/p><p> 　　通過(guò)銘文辨?zhèn)?，是檢測(cè)對(duì)占代<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/xuexifangfa/lishi/' target='_blank'><u>歷史</u></a>知識(shí)廣袤、<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/shufa/' target='_blank'><u>書(shū)法</u></a>研究深淺和鑄工藝水準(zhǔn)高低與否的標(biāo)尺。</p><p> 　　青銅器的銘文是對(duì)歷史的記錄，是金石書(shū)法發(fā)展演變的例證，是鑄工工藝高超的體現(xiàn)，宋、清兩代是青銅器銘文作偽的主要時(shí)期。宋代以來(lái)，金石義字成為金石家的研究重點(diǎn)，作為有記載歷史文獻(xiàn)銘文的青銅器，往往受到廣泛的重視，具有很高的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。故而<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/aihao/shoucang/' target='_blank'><u>收藏</u></a>家們對(duì)青銅器的搜集，則側(cè)重在銘文方面。</p><p> 　　青銅器銘文的作偽多有如下幾種：添銘法。即在無(wú)銘文的真器卜鏨刻偽銘，后鏨的銘文大多字體呆板、松散、不自然，字口面寬底窄，同時(shí)有鏨痕，偽工用銅絲刷刷去鏨痕，卻又留下刷痕，也影響了字的筆鋒。增銘法。就是原有簡(jiǎn)單銘文的真器上增刻偽銘;或真器上本應(yīng)對(duì)銘，因器缺失使銘文也缺，在進(jìn)行修配時(shí)將銘文也一起補(bǔ)刻。增刻偽銘后，其字口、銹色、地子與真銘不同，再者，一器之上銘文非一人所出，其筆體、韻味自然不符，特別是鑄銘與刻銘就截然不同。腐蝕法。將青銅器需要刻銘的部位涂上蠟，并在蠟上刻好字，再用三氯化鐵在刻好字的蠟上進(jìn)行腐蝕器身，將蠟去掉后，凹陷的銘文自然顯現(xiàn)。這樣腐蝕的銘文字不成體，字口深淺不一，筆畫(huà)邊緣十分粗糙。</p><p> 　　器形辨?zhèn)危和ㄟ^(guò)器物的型制進(jìn)行辨?zhèn)危菍?duì)青銅器在各時(shí)代的型制特征熟悉程度的考驗(yàn)。每一種青銅器，隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，其形制、大小、高矮都會(huì)產(chǎn)生變化而形成規(guī)律。如青銅器中的大類鼎，自商代二里岡期到漢代，流行的時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，但每個(gè)時(shí)代鼎的形狀都有不同的特點(diǎn)。全面掌時(shí)代各類器的形制特點(diǎn)，是青銅器鑒別知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。通常偽器可以分為直接鑄造和拼湊改造兩類。直接鑄造的又可分為兩種情形。第一種情形是依照真器或者依照相關(guān)資料鑄造偽器，其器形、銘文、紋飾等都有來(lái)歷和參照，有的是器型或銘文只有部分做r參照，部分有意改樣。如參照鑄造了器型，但卻鑄刻了杜撰的銘文，或?qū)⒄盏腻\義鑄刻住毫不相十的銅器上。此類偽器盡管模仿得并不精準(zhǔn)，但也有一一定水平。第二種則是毫無(wú)根據(jù)的拼湊，意在作奇，達(dá)到以稀為貴的目的。此類偽器對(duì)青銅器形制特征不甚熟悉的人很有挑戰(zhàn)性，如果不仔細(xì)觀察，就有上當(dāng)?shù)目赡堋?/p><h2> 　　青銅器鑒定方法及鑒賞</h2><p> 　　材質(zhì)辨?zhèn)危罕鎰e不同時(shí)期青銅的材質(zhì)是對(duì)青銅器身份的考證。戰(zhàn)國(guó)以前的銅器，皆為銅錫鉛合金的青銅器。錫的成份越大，銅質(zhì)的灰色色澤越淺淡。商至戰(zhàn)國(guó)的銅器銅質(zhì)純凈，極少有沙粒。宋仿銅器，合金成分為銅、錫、鉛和少量的鋅，銅色為黃中泛紅。明清偽器含錫成分很少，而鉛鋅成分增多，銅色皆發(fā)黃，但明代偽器色為黃中泛白，清代偽器色卻是黃中透黃。因此，鑒定銅質(zhì)的真?zhèn)危€要看、足、日沿、底部露銅的質(zhì)色。</p><p> 　　聲味辨?zhèn)危郝曇艉蜌馕妒乔嚆~器辨?zhèn)蔚谋匾o助手段。</p><p> 　　青銅器由于在土中埋了幾千年，有一股土氣味，新出土的銅器土氣味更濃烈。而經(jīng)過(guò)地下腐蝕較深的青銅器，銅質(zhì)已屬礦化，所以發(fā)音以渾濁者居多。當(dāng)然埋藏在極其干燥而又純粹的土層中的青銅器，敲擊音也有甚佳的。而宋以后的偽器多為黃銅，未曾氧化或氧化時(shí)間較短，以手敲擊，聲音細(xì)長(zhǎng)、清脆，也無(wú)土香，卻有汗腥味，這是由于作偽者多用<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/xuexifangfa/huaxue/' target='_blank'><u>化學(xué)</u></a>藥品，如酸鹽硇砂等作假地子或假銹，雖經(jīng)多年埋藏，仍有一股酸氣味。有的用石膏制作或修補(bǔ)的偽器，質(zhì)地輕，顏色白，用手敲擊，其聲嘶啞。這些只是一般規(guī)律，因銅器的合金成分、埋藏時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短、地區(qū)、土質(zhì)等不同，輕重聲音有所區(qū)別。</p><p> 　　青銅器鑒賞方法</p><p> 　　名稱：蓮鶴方壺</p><p> 　　年代：春秋時(shí)期</p><p> 　　尺寸：高122cm，寬54cm，重64kg。</p><p> 　　鑒賞：方壺形體巨大。雙層鏤雕蓮瓣蓋上立有一只展翅欲飛、引頸高吭的仙鶴。鏤空的雙龍耳較大，上出器口，下及器腹。壺體四面以蟠龍紋為主體紋飾，并在腹部四角各鑄一飛龍。圈足下以兩只伏虎承器。春秋時(shí)期，青銅器的鑄造工藝有了飛速發(fā)展，如“失蠟法”的發(fā)明等。但這一階段青銅器的鑄造工藝的成就并不僅僅體現(xiàn)在創(chuàng)新上，對(duì)于一些優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)工藝，也予以繼承并發(fā)揚(yáng)光大，如“分鑄法”。本器的仙鶴、雙龍耳與器身主體即采用分鑄法，既顯示了高超的鑄造技術(shù)，也反映了當(dāng)時(shí)青銅器上<a href='http://wyyxscd8644.com/zhishi/dongwu/' target='_blank'><u>動(dòng)物</u></a>造型肖像化的潮流。</p><p> 　　名稱：環(huán)帶紋甗</p><p> 　　年代：商代時(shí)期</p><p> 　　尺寸：高122cm，寬54cm，重64kg。</p><p> 　　鑒賞：甑為長(zhǎng)方深箱形，侈口，立耳，口內(nèi)有隔，大腹，腹壁斜收，平底有箅孔，下部有插入鬲口的榫圈。鬲為侈口斜肩，肩上有一對(duì)圓角方耳，平襠蹄形足。甑體飾環(huán)帶紋。甗出現(xiàn)于商早期，至西周早期形成方形甗，至此甗均為連體式(即甑、鬲連鑄)。春秋早期出現(xiàn)分體式甗。此甗為1923年河南新鄭出土。</p><p> 　　名稱：魯侯爵</p><p> 　　年代：西周早期</p><p> 　　尺寸：高20cm，寬16.2cm，重0.76kg。</p><p> 　　鑒賞：　爵體略長(zhǎng)而優(yōu)美，流尾上翹，爵壁較直，無(wú)柱(唐蘭先生認(rèn)為：附柱，柱折后被磨平者。)，鋬較小，飾有獸頭，圓底，刀形足外撇。腹上下飾二層云雷紋帶，中間隔以凸起的弦紋。尾部口壁內(nèi)鑄有銘文2行10字，是爵中銘文較長(zhǎng)者。魯侯作觝，甹，用尊臬盟。銘文大意：魯侯做了這個(gè)爵，用來(lái)放置祭祀父親的廟里的酒和聘禮、盟禮。</p><hr /> 猜你喜歡：<br/><p style="margin: 5px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> 1.<a _href="http://wyyxscd8644.com/lishi/quwen/gudaiwenwu/53105.html" href="http://wyyxscd8644.com/lishi/quwen/gudaiwenwu/53105.html" target="_blank">出土青銅器鑒定方法有哪些</a></p><p style="margin: 5px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> 2.<a _href="http://wyyxscd8644.com/shenghuo/richang/483320.html" href="http://wyyxscd8644.com/shenghuo/richang/483320.html" 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