高中英語閱讀參考論文范例
高中英語閱讀參考論文范例
閱讀教學(xué)作為整個(gè)高中英語教學(xué)的重要組成部分,在英語教學(xué)中占據(jù)著重要的地位。一直以來,在高中英語教學(xué)中,無論從高中英語課程的設(shè)置、教材的選編、還是從高中教學(xué)中閱讀課所占的課時(shí)比重等方面來看,閱讀教學(xué)都占據(jù)重要的位置。下文是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家搜集整理的關(guān)于高中英語閱讀參考論文范例的內(nèi)容,歡迎大家閱讀參考!
高中英語閱讀參考論文范例篇1
淺析高中英語閱讀技巧
高中英語閱讀的要求與初中有較大差別:文章詞數(shù)增多,生詞量增大,組篇方式復(fù)雜,文章信息量較大,文章內(nèi)容比較成人化,并具有一定的文化意識要求。閱讀理解在高考中占據(jù)很大的比重,而且越來越注重能力的測試。因此,在高中英語學(xué)習(xí)中必須掌握最基本的三種閱讀理解技巧:猜測詞義、難句理解和語篇理解。
一、 猜測詞義
《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》六級閱讀技能目標(biāo)提出(六級為高中最低目標(biāo)):能利用上下文和句子結(jié)構(gòu)猜測詞義。猜詞能力是英語閱讀最基本的能力之一。高考閱讀文章也允許出現(xiàn)2%-3%不注漢語的生詞。因此,從高一起閱讀文章中就鋪設(shè)了適當(dāng)比例的生詞。碰到生詞切勿驚慌,因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇枪铝⒋嬖诘?,也不是高深莫測的。只要抓住一定的線索就可以猜出,并加以理解。猜詞有兩個(gè)步驟:尋找線索和確定意義。線索多種多樣,可依據(jù)構(gòu)詞法、定義解釋、對比關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系和上下文暗示“順藤摸瓜”。
1. 構(gòu)詞法
Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials become more costeffective.
初看起來,costeffective不得而知。細(xì)心觀察,它是由cost和effective合成,effective是effect加后綴派生而來。既然“成本有效”,就是“劃算的”。構(gòu)詞法線索在猜詞中用得最多。2009年江蘇高考閱讀理解A篇中就有六個(gè)可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義的生詞:emotionally有感情地,originally原來, conditioning規(guī)定,consequently結(jié)果, sociable好交際的,respond反應(yīng)。
2. 定義解釋
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker...This card game has often been of considerable interest to people.
從解釋的內(nèi)容不難看出,poker是一種多人玩的、有趣的卡片游戲。由此猜測為“撲克”。另外還可以從發(fā)音來驗(yàn)證,“撲克”poker之音譯。定義、解釋形式多樣,有定語從句、同位語、并列句,甚至用破折號引出補(bǔ)充說明,等等。
3. 對比關(guān)系
Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one was afraid. We passed the time by telling stories.
數(shù)千人困在電梯中,應(yīng)該情況不妙。But轉(zhuǎn)折了人們的境況。其線索是對比轉(zhuǎn)折。如果猜測為“受傷”、“窒息”、“沮喪”還不妥貼。根據(jù)下文“講故事消磨時(shí)間”,應(yīng)推斷為“驚恐”。
4. 因果關(guān)系
The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.
后一句承接前一句。前一句的情況導(dǎo)致后一句的結(jié)果。線索是因果關(guān)系。既然停電,冰淇淋、冰凍食品化凍是必然結(jié)果。猜測為“融化”。
5. 上下文暗示
We had lots of candles on the table and the waiters were carrying candles on their trays.
從上文得知靜止的蠟燭放在餐桌上,侍者隨身帶著的蠟燭不會(huì)放在口袋里,不會(huì)放在頭頂,而是放在端菜的“淺盤”中。
再看實(shí)例,猜出畫線生詞的含義,并說出線索依據(jù):
1. Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lungs and his heartbeats.
2. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
3. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.
4. Most of fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of them.
5. The passengers’ belongings on the train are stored in their holdalls, boxes, baskets and netbags.
1. 聽診器,定義解釋;2. 骯臟,對比關(guān)系;3. 渾濁,因果關(guān)系;4. 滑溜的,魚鱗,上下文暗示;5. 擁有物,行李包,網(wǎng)袋,構(gòu)詞法。
二、 難句理解
文章中的難句,猶如攔路虎,讓你無法理解全篇,令人望而生畏。高考趨勢之一就是難句增多,類型多變,不但測試考生的閱讀技能,也測試考生的智力水平和心理素質(zhì)。難句一般是長句、省略句和倒裝句。
長句是一些并列句、復(fù)合句,或者有多種形式的定語、狀語、插入語,或者伴有分隔、倒裝、省略,盤根錯(cuò)節(jié),令人眼花繚亂。其實(shí),再長的句子,只要能抓住結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)鍵詞,問題就迎刃而解了。結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)鍵詞是指分句、意群的引導(dǎo)詞或起始詞。找到分句的引導(dǎo)詞,就能發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)分句的主謂語,最后用化整為零的辦法,各個(gè)擊破。抓住意群的起始詞就能理清各個(gè)語法成分,以及它們之間的關(guān)系。請看例句:
Decision-thinking is not unlike poker―it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.
此句含有29個(gè)單詞,語法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。從概貌上看, 破折號前是一個(gè)簡單句,破折號引出一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說明的句子。結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)鍵詞是not only...but also, what, what, and what。抓住引導(dǎo)詞后,再確定各個(gè)主謂語。由此分析得知,it是形式主語,真實(shí)主語是三個(gè)主語從句,三個(gè)主語從句由not only...but also和and 連接。在第二個(gè)主語從句中帶有賓語從句,第三個(gè)主語從句中,也帶有賓語從句,而且賓語從句又帶賓語從句,重重疊疊。全句可直譯為:作出決定的思維就像打撲克,不僅你所思考的問題常常是要緊的,而且其他人認(rèn)為你所考慮的問題,和你思考其他人認(rèn)為你所考慮的問題也常常是要緊的。
再看怎樣抓住結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)鍵詞,并將它們化整為零:
In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there are what he called games of“perfect information”, games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks: they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills.
這是一個(gè)44個(gè)單詞的松散長句。首先要找到分句和意群的關(guān)鍵詞:that, what, games, where, not...but,另外兩個(gè)冒號,一個(gè)逗號在句中也很重要,它們都表示補(bǔ)充說明或者同位關(guān)系。理清基本結(jié)構(gòu)后,可以將長句分解為以下六句:
1. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes.
2. There are games which he called games of perfect information.
3. The games are like chess.
4. In the games the players can’t hide anything or play tricks.
5. They don’t win by chance.
6. They win by means of logic and skills.
長句就是由這些簡單的分句用結(jié)構(gòu)連詞串連而成,一旦將它們一一拆開,就化難為易,一目了然。
難句的另一形式是省略句和倒裝句,而且這類難句在高考中出現(xiàn)得越來越多,越來越活。在理解省略句、倒裝句時(shí)使用“恢復(fù)原狀”法是非常有效的。請看江蘇高考任務(wù)型閱讀中的省略句:So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.
句中含兩個(gè)as省略句,如果分析省去了什么,并將它們補(bǔ)全就不難理解。此句as后省去it is,全句意義為“按照別人所定義,交流開始于自身;按照自己所定義,交流也涉及別人”。再請看江蘇高考另一篇中的倒裝句:
Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.
只要將主語和表語對調(diào)位置,即恢復(fù)原狀就很容易理解,意為“水不能滲透的巖層就在這一層下面”。
三、 語篇理解
語篇理解主要有兩層含義:文章的整體理解和文章的深層理解。整體理解即通過閱讀把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò),提取、分析主要信息,歸納概括主旨大意。深層理解即獲得字里行間的隱含信息,準(zhǔn)確領(lǐng)會(huì)生詞和某些活用單詞的特定意義,推理判斷作者的言外之意。整體理解與深層理解是密不可分,相互依存的。要想很好地進(jìn)行語篇理解,必須注意三點(diǎn):
1. 第一遍快速閱讀時(shí),就要有意識地找出文章的主題句和段落的主題句,從而了解文章全貌,理清層次關(guān)系,把握文脈主線。大多數(shù)主題句是段落的起始句和結(jié)束句。
2. 第一遍快速閱讀中碰到難詞、難句時(shí),可以再讀一遍該句,抓住要領(lǐng)后再往下閱讀。盡量不在第一遍閱讀中留下“隱患”,也避免難句的理解偏差影響下文的閱讀。
3. 在做題時(shí),有必要再次掃讀、搜索相關(guān)信息,并謹(jǐn)防被詞句的表面意義所迷惑。要剔除與上下文和主題思路相違背的一些表面意義,搜尋到深層的隱含信息。
請閱讀以下例子,并完成有關(guān)題目:
Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of different men and of strange civilizations(文明), broken up by long“dark ages”in between. In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.
However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred?The next thousand?The next million?That’s much more difficult.
When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive(原始的) in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can’t think of.
So why even bother to try imagining life far in the future?Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.
Second, by trying to escape from present interest and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set your imagination free when you think about the future.
第一遍快速閱讀后,我們已知此文體裁為論說文,共五小節(jié)。第一小節(jié)介紹概貌。二、三小節(jié)是一個(gè)層次,講現(xiàn)代人很難看得很遠(yuǎn)。四、五小節(jié)為一個(gè)層次,講想象未來生活的原因。一至四小節(jié)的主題句都是第一句。第五小節(jié)有總結(jié)全文的作用,說明想象未來是為了珍惜現(xiàn)在,主題句是最后一句,此句也是全文的主題句。文章中雖然難句、難詞較多,但脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)理清后,對捕捉細(xì)節(jié)和深層信息很有幫助。
首先在主題思想和文脈主線的牽引下理解這些單詞、短語:
1. picture modern life 描繪現(xiàn)代生活
2. short-sighted 目光短淺的
3. Stone-Age 石器時(shí)代
4. bother 麻煩
5. excuses 借口
再看字里行間暗藏著什么,尋求這種深層信息至少要思考三點(diǎn):
1. 文章主題
2. 作者主旨
3. 隱含細(xì)節(jié)
文章主題上文已經(jīng)分析。作者主旨為:現(xiàn)代人必須極目遠(yuǎn)望,想象未來,認(rèn)識自己在宇宙長河中的時(shí)間價(jià)值,從而負(fù)起當(dāng)前的應(yīng)盡之責(zé)。至于隱含細(xì)節(jié),必須先抓住表層信息,由表及里,抓住本質(zhì)。例如:第一小節(jié)表面上是介紹一本書。其實(shí),作者通過介紹這本書,提出自己的論點(diǎn),展示了全文的話題,也初步表明思想觀點(diǎn):“現(xiàn)代”僅是歷史長河中之一瞬,人類文明的方式因?yàn)?ldquo;時(shí)間”的分隔而截然不同。把握這些隱含信息對理解后面四個(gè)小節(jié)的詳論細(xì)述有很大幫助。
有些隱含信息必須根據(jù)題目要求再次掃讀才能有針對性地搜索出來。題目中的選項(xiàng)迷惑性往往很強(qiáng),因此,要善于排除干擾,撥開迷霧。這時(shí)也要注意分析題目的設(shè)題類型和擬題手法。例如:
1. A particular mention made of Stapledon’s book in the opening paragraph _______.
A. serves as a description of human history
B. serves as an introduction to the discussion
C. shows a disagreement of views
D. shows the popularity of the book
通過第一遍快速閱讀已經(jīng)得知其段落大意,再進(jìn)行掃讀,以加深對語篇意義的理解,找出正確答案。先看A,雖然這一小節(jié)提到“人類歷史”,但不是著重描述人類歷史。再看C,表面信息有different men, strange civilizations, 但真實(shí)內(nèi)容卻未說觀點(diǎn)分歧。選項(xiàng)D干擾性很強(qiáng)。雖然作者贊同Stapledon的觀點(diǎn),并以此展開全文,但通篇都未提到此書是否深受人們歡迎。從語篇理解看,D僅是一個(gè)旁外的話題。再看B,表面信息是開篇部分,應(yīng)是“導(dǎo)入”。隱含信息須全篇理解,全文都是圍繞第一小節(jié)的話題展開的討論,表面信息與隱含信息一致。B為正確選項(xiàng)。
2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that_______.
A. human history is extremely long
B. life has changed a great deal
C. it is a useless plan for the next 50 years
D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future
從表面詞句上看,似乎讀懂第三小節(jié),就可以回答此題。其實(shí)不然,因?yàn)锳、B、C三項(xiàng)本身都是成立的,而且迷惑性很強(qiáng)。再次掃讀二、三小節(jié)便受啟發(fā),第三小節(jié)是第二小節(jié)意思的延伸,進(jìn)一步闡述遠(yuǎn)望未來的困難之處,論古說今,舉例印證,都說明之“難”。因此D才是正確答案。
3. Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to_______.
A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern life
C. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age
從表面信息看,虛構(gòu)單詞指工具,先排除B和D。再次掃讀得知不是農(nóng)具,排除A。C是一個(gè)比較保險(xiǎn)的正確選項(xiàng)。它們是未來不可知的東西。
4. According to the writer of the text, imagining the future will_______.
A. serve the interests of the present and future generations
B. enable us to better understand human history
C. help us to improve farming
D. make life worth living
測試推理能力,推斷作者主旨。此題較好地運(yùn)用了干擾選項(xiàng)和“答非所問”的擬題手法。B、C、D本身都是成立的,文中確實(shí)提到“人類歷史”、“認(rèn)真耕作”和“生活意義”。作者主旨是由這些個(gè)體組合而成,其中心思想是由它們提煉、濃縮而來,即盡管展望未來困難重重,人們還是應(yīng)該想象未來。既然“現(xiàn)代”僅是一瞬,何不在這段歷史時(shí)期盡心盡責(zé),何不珍惜、愛護(hù)如今的世界呢?初定A為正確答案。但A項(xiàng)本身又有干擾信息。最后一小節(jié)出現(xiàn)escape from present interest,似乎A不能選。其實(shí)文中這一部分是說明“想象未來的同時(shí)暫且不談目前的個(gè)人利益,這能提高思想境界”,寓意還是“想象未來”,并不是說“想象未來”與目前的利益無關(guān)。由此搜尋到文章的“畫外音”――想象未來既有利于現(xiàn)代,又造福于未來。A為正確選項(xiàng)。
語篇理解是較高層次的理解,也是如今高考試題的趨向和要求。
閱讀理解的技巧無論合理性程度有多高,只有在實(shí)踐中才能得到掌握和完善。運(yùn)用所學(xué)的技巧多閱讀,多琢磨,必有提高。
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